Term
| How long can TB live in a dark, humid environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does TB live in soap or alcohol solutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does TB live in the direct sunlight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is TBs transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generates 3,000 droplet nuclei? |
|
Definition
| coughing, talking for 5 minutes, singing for one minute. |
|
|
Term
| What is TB's portal of exit and entry? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory tract (TB case coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings for exit, direct or indirect for entry) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Agent is in a non replicating, non-infectious state, but is still viable. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the world has latent tb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of progressing from latent to active TB? |
|
Definition
| 5% in the first two years after date of infection, 5% in the years following. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of people develop pulmonary TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of active TB (6)? |
|
Definition
Unexplained weight loss
Loss of appetite
Night sweats
Fever
Fatigue
Chills |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of pulmonary TB? |
|
Definition
Coughing for 3 weeks or longer
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Chest pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the epedimiologic triad? |
|
Definition
| Host, agent, environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exposure, virulence of TB strain. |
|
|
Term
| Environmental factors (3)? |
|
Definition
| Air quality, housing, occupational setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infection with HIV
Chest x-ray findings suggestive of previous TB
Substance abuse
Recent TB infection
Prolonged therapy with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapy, such as prednisone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α] antagonists
Organ transplant
Silicosis
Diabetes mellitus
Severe kidney disease
Certain types of cancer
Certain intestinal conditions
Low body weight |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of TB? |
|
Definition
| Possibly came from buffalo. Was spread when advent of agriculture created new niches for increased transmission. |
|
|
Term
| When were TB hospital established. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of deaths did TB account for in the industrial revolution? Why (4)? |
|
Definition
| 25, d/t urbanization, lack of medical care, crowding, malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did TB drugs come out? BCG vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many new cases of tb are there a year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people die of TB a year |
|
Definition
| 2 million/ 1 person every 17 seconds |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of TB cases occur in the developing world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Percentage of TB cases have MDR TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 countries have the greatest burden of TB? |
|
Definition
| India, china, russian federation, bangladesh, south africa |
|
|
Term
| What number of countries have experienced cases of XDR TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region has the highest number of TB cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What burden of world TB cases do Asia and Africa shoulder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of HIV infected TB cases are in Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the affect of HIV on TB incidence |
|
Definition
| It increases it greatly, as in the case of Africa. TB has remained stable in other areas. |
|
|
Term
| How many women of reproductive age die of TB each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are women more or less likely to progress from latent to active tb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of tb cases occur between ages 15-54? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many months of lost work does TB cause on average? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years of economic productivity is lost in a family with a member that dies of TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did TB cases in the US spike again? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contributed to the resurgence of TB (5) |
|
Definition
| Lack of funding, HIV, immigration, increase in MDR TB, increase in shelters and prisons. |
|
|
Term
| What percent decrease in Tb occurred between 1993 and 2008? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the national average rate of TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two high risk TB groups? |
|
Definition
| High risk for becoming infected, for developing TB disease post infection |
|
|
Term
| Who is at high risk for TB infection (8). |
|
Definition
Close contacts
Foreign-born persons
Low-income groups and homeless persons
Correctional Facilities
Healthworkers
Children and adolescents
Racial and ethnic minorities
Individuals who live and/or work in special settings
Health care workers who serve high-risk groups
Racial and ethnic minorities
Infants, children, and adolescents
People who inject drugs |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of close contacts of TB cases become infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High risk groups for TB infection? |
|
Definition
| Close contacts, foreign born immigrants, low-income and homeless people. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of US TB patients are homeless? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are factors that increase risk of TB in correctional facilities |
|
Definition
| Inmates who already have tb have a higher chance of developing infection, overcrowding, increased rates of HIV |
|
|
Term
| Risk of healthcare professionals infection depends on... |
|
Definition
Number of persons with TB in facility.
Job duties.
Infection control procedures. |
|
|
Term
| Risk in adolescents and children depends on... |
|
Definition
| high risk if exposed to adults in high risk groups |
|
|
Term
| If a child had TB, what does it suggest? |
|
Definition
TB was transmitted recently.
Person who transmitted TB to child may still be infectious.
Others may have been exposed. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of TB cases occur in racial and ethnic minorities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What groups are at increased risk of progressing to active TB? (5) |
|
Definition
People living with HIV
People with medical conditions known to increase the risk for TB
People infected with M. tuberculosis within past 2 years
Infants and children younger than 4 years old
People who inject drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is the strongest risk factor for Tb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death for people with HIV/AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of developing TB each year for people with HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical conditions that lead to increased risk of TB (5)? |
|
Definition
Prolonged therapy with corticosterods, and other immunosuppressive therapy.
Silicosis.
Diabetes.
Severe kidney disease.
Certain types of cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Why do infants and children under 4 have an increased risk of Tb? |
|
Definition
| underdeveloped immune system |
|
|
Term
| Why do injectable drug users have an increased risk? |
|
Definition
| greater chance of HIV, injecting drugs may weaken immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tuberculin Skin Test (PPD), and Quantiferon blood test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chest X ray
Clinical exam
Sputum smear microscopy
Sputum culture
Molecular detection |
|
|
Term
| What are the molecular tests for Tb |
|
Definition
| GeneXpert, nucleic acid amplification |
|
|
Term
| Sputum smear microscopy issues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow/difficult to implement in resource poor settings. |
|
|
Term
| Central challenges to treating TB? |
|
Definition
| prolonged therapy, 4 drugs, resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment regimen |
|
Definition
Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide x 2 months
Isoniazid, Rifampin x 4 months |
|
|
Term
| What type of diagnosis does DOTS employ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the objective incidence rate in the US |
|
Definition
| 1 case in 1 million, elimination |
|
|
Term
| What are the two foci of the TB control program in the US? |
|
Definition
Preventing re-activation of latent TB
Preventing TB among foreign born-persons |
|
|
Term
| Challenges to global TB control |
|
Definition
Persistent inequalities in health, disparities in wealth.
Inadequate political commitment.
Incomplete DOTS coverage
MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
Impact of the TB/HIV syndemic.
Slow development of new diagnostic tools and new drugs for TB. |
|
|
Term
| Average cost per MDR TB case in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for MDR tb |
|
Definition
| often times with toxic IVs, 18-24 months |
|
|
Term
| Issues with treating MDR tb |
|
Definition
Long periods of isolation may be necessary
Depression is common
Disease may be incurable (chronic)
Higher rate of death |
|
|
Term
| What causes resistence to TB? |
|
Definition
| treating with a single drug |
|
|
Term
What broader factors lead to TB resistance
? |
|
Definition
| Non compliance, health care errors, health system errors (no clinics, no drugs, poor drug quality, no lab capacity) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of mono-resistant tB |
|
Definition
| resistance to a single drug |
|
|
Term
| MDR TB is resistant to what drugs? |
|
Definition
| at least rifampin and isoniazid |
|
|
Term
What drugs are XDR TB resistant to
? |
|
Definition
| rifampin, isoniazid, floroquinolones, and at least one of the three injectible drugs (amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin) |
|
|
Term
| Estimated number of cases and deaths of MDR TB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estimated number of cases/death of XDR TB |
|
Definition
|
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