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| the process of learning as many charachteristics as possible about bacteria then deciding how the organisms should be arranged. |
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| is the arranging of bacteria with similar phenotypic or genotypic charactaristics into groups. |
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| is the naming of bacteria according to an internation code of principles, rules, and recommendations. |
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| is the comparing of unknown organisms with bacteria that have already been classified for the purpose of determining the identities of the unknown organisms. |
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| a distinct organsim with distinguishing featuresor a group of organisms that resemsbe each other by having similar distinctive features. A type strain is the strain that has been designated as the permanent example of the species. |
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| Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia Species: coli |
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| olonies of different bacteria vary in size |
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| microscopic mophology and staining reations |
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| gram stain and acid fast stain |
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| condenser focuses light diagonally on the specimin |
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| eg. oxygen, temperature, and ph requirements |
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| culture and biochemical charactaristics |
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| isolation on various culture media or cell lines and biochemical tests which include patterns of substrate utilization, metabolic product formation, sugar fermentation and unique chemical constituents. |
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used to classify serotype strains of particular species by testing for the presence of specific cell wall (O)
capsular (K) antiens
and or other componenes which serve as antigens. Tests are based on the recoginition of both antigens or antibodies. |
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| ranges from 25-75 percent (percentage is specfic for a given species but not exclusive for that species) |
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| an estimate of the extent of formation of molecular hybrids from 2 DNA strands of different origin (the more closly related the bacteria the greater the homology) |
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| same as DNA homology just some types of RNA (16S) sare believed to be more highly conserved. *** considered the most reliable taxonomic information*** |
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| determine specific nucleotide sequence |
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| each genus and species of bacteia and viruses containing genes which cause them to be genetically distincitive. Each DNA probe must be distincitve for a particular bacterium |
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| polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| this procedure employs DNA primers, as probes for the amplification of specific regions of DNA from a bacterium. It allows the identification of a particular pahoge which occurs in a very low concentration and/or cannot be cultivated in the lab. This technique in conjunction which DNA sequencing is being used extensivly in determing the taxonomy of bacteria residing in the oral cavity. |
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| chips devided into thousands of squares. In each of the squares represents a different gene on a bacterial chromosome. Microarrays are being used to determine gene expression under different physiological conditions. If a gene is being expressed,RNA copies will be PRESENT IN THE CELL. to find out if gene expression is taking place... mRNA is extracted, labeled and added to a chip. Homologous nucleic acids will hybridize. * used to define quorum sensing and other control mchanisms |
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| breakdown of complex organic molecules for energy production and degrations products. |
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| Catabolism therefore provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis and breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids. |
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| synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules |
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| what energy process requires energy? |
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| Examples of anabolic processes include the growth and mineralization of bone and increases in muscle mass. |
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| What energy drives endergonic reaction? |
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True or false...
All bacterical pathogens are heterotrophs? |
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| What is heterotrophic metabolism? |
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| Heterotrophic metabolism is the biologic oxidation of organic compounds, such as glucose, carbs, lipits and proteins to yield ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) compounds, which are needed by the bacterial cell for biosynthetic or assimilatory reactions. |
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| Describe the process of energy production by aerobic respiration. What process is involved? |
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Definition
ETC.
It functions to accept electrons from reduced compounds and transfer then to O2 with the resulting formation of water. At certian steps energy is needef. The ETS includes enzymes having prosteic groups or coenzymes which act as an O/R system. Energy for ATP synthesis is liberated at 3 points along the chain (oxidative posphorylation) |
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| what are the coenzymes included in the ETC system? |
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| NAD, FAD, cytochromes and coenzyme Q |
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what is the final electron acceptor in the aerobic repiration?
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| NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons in what kind of fashion? |
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| The 3 biochemical pathways are... |
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glycolysis
tricarboxyilic acid cycle
Electron transport oxidations coupled to oxidative phospoylation |
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| where does glycolysis occur? |
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| what is it called when any organic compound is oxiized completely to CO2 and H20? |
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| biochemical test oxidase... |
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Definition
| based on the production of an oxidase enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome by molecular oxygen. Oxidase test reagents are artificatl electron acceptors ( kovacs reagent) |
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| details on the oxidase test |
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Definition
| used to determineif a bacterium produces certian cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated withThe reagent is dark blue to maroon color when oxidized, and colorless when reduced. |
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| where is catalase present? (what kind of bacteria) |
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| most aerobic and faculativly anaerobic bacteria. |
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| uses H2O2 as oxidant and reducant to convert into water and ground state oxygen. If the test releases bubbles then its positive and must have an aerobic byproduct of hydrogenperoxide or water. If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e. are catalase positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed. |
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| catalase negative examples |
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Definition
| Streptococci[29] and enterococci are |
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Terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration |
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| PCR is used in conjuction with what? |
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