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Taste and Smell (Phys)
Wacker 6/22/11 lecture 1 hr
27
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Cards

Term
H+, pH determines how sour something is
Definition
what molecule/ion is responsible for sour sensations?
Term
Na+
Definition
what molecule/ion is responsible for determining salty tastes?
Term
sugars, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, some amino acids
Definition
what molecule/ion is/are responsible for determining sweet tastes?
Term
long chain organic substances containing Nitrogen, alkaloids

ex: caffeine, nicoteine, some toxins
Definition
what molecule/ion is responsible for determining bitter sensations
Term
L-glutamate, anything with a pleasant savory, brothy/meaty taste

ex: fish, cheeses, spinach(MSG)
Definition
what molecule/ion is responsible for determining umami?
Term
1) Bitter(quinine) 0.000008 M
2) Sour(HCl) 0.0009 M
3) Sweet 0.01 M
3) Salty 0.01 M

remember bitter is most sensitive because many toxins are bitter
Definition
list the tastes in order of most sensitivity, to least sensitivity of the tongue to detect them
Term
IBU, international BITTERing units
Definition
how are beers rated based on their hops content?
Term
pore
Definition
taste hairs project from taste cells, modified epithelial cells, into the _____
Term
taste cells
Definition
what releases neurotransmitters to stimulate nerve fibers and relay the sensation of taste?
Term
1, but if there is high enough concentration of another taste/chemical, the taste bud will respond to it
Definition
how many tastes/chemicals does a taste bud respond to?
Term
3-10 thousand, ALL OVER THE TONGUE -MW (NOT WM, Willard Morrow)
Definition
how many taste buds are there? where are they located?
Term
1) chemicals bind to the receptor on the taste hair
2) this opens ion channels leading to depolarization.
3)this release NT to stimulate the nerve fibers
Definition
how are taste nerve stimulated?
Term
1) stimulation
2) glossopharyngeal or facial n
3) Nucleus of the solitary tract
4) thalamus
5) gustatory cortex
Definition
describe the path of transmission to the CNS for taste
Term
they come from the NTS, neurons stimulate the salivary glands (DROOL)
Definition
where do taste reflexes come from?
Term
adaptation
Definition
continuous stimulation resulting in a reduction in taste/smell
Term
receptor desensitization
CNS desensitization
Definition
what 2 things cause adaptation?
Term
if certain nutrients are needed, your body increases the sensitivty for them
Definition
what causes "taste preference"
Term
taste aversion
Definition
when you eat something and puke and never eat it for like 5 years (Wacker and dime dogs)
Term
over 100, around 1,000 perhaps
Definition
vision has 3 primary receptors, taste has 5, how many does smell have?
Term
the cilia(hair) of olfactory cells(bipolar neurons)
Definition
where are the receptrors for smell?
Term
cilia (nose hairs)
Definition
where are the smell receptros located?
Term
Gs-adenylase cyclase
-> cAMP
-> opens Na+ channels
-> depolarizes bipolar neuron
-> travels through olfactory nerve
Definition
what (secondary messengers)pathway is stimulated by smell receptros?
Term
stimulation
-> olfactory nerve
-> olfactory bulb
-> olfactory tract
-> medial and lateral olfactory areas
-> amygdala, hippocampus,, hypothalmus

NO THALAMUS
Definition
describe the pathway of transmission to the CNS of smell
Term
the hippocampus,
ex of a smell reflex: how smell triggers salivation
Definition
what are the pavliovian responses connected with?
Term
smell aversion
Definition
if you remember a bad experience, there is a connection to the hippocampus that may cause you to associate it with a smell
Term
for example smell can trigger emotions because there i a connection to the amygdala

-smells of animals trigger reproductive behavior
Definition
what is affective nature?
Term
pumpkin pie
Definition
what is the most attractive scent to men?
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