Term
| rx of choice for fascioliasis? |
|
Definition
Triclabendazole
Does not respond to praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| where are clonorchis sinensis flukes found? |
|
Definition
NE China
S korea
Japan
N vietnam
E Russia |
|
|
Term
| Where are opsthorcis viverrini found? |
|
Definition
Laos
Thailand
Vietname
Cambodia |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose chinese liver flukes? |
|
Definition
stool examination
ELISA
PCR on stool for adult DNA in light infections |
|
|
Term
| rx for chinese liver flukes? |
|
Definition
Praziquantel
mebendazole and albendazole can also be used |
|
|
Term
| Out of O viverrini and clonorchis which is more strongly a/w cholangiocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| O viverrini more strongly a/w cholangiocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose paragonimus? |
|
Definition
Detect eggs in soutum, faeces, pleural fluid, csf, pus
Biopsy material: eggs and flukes
serology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Praziquantel
tricalbendazole |
|
|
Term
| praziquantel is the drug of choice for most food bourne trematodes except for.... |
|
Definition
| Fasciola hepatica and gigantica where Triclabedazole is the drug of choice |
|
|
Term
| describe life cycle of liver flukes fasciola hepatica and gigantica |
|
Definition
eggs passed in herbivore or human poo > miracidia released from eggs infect fresh water snail intermediate host.
cercaria released from snail > encyst as metacercariae on waterplants
waterplants ingested by humans
cysts excyst in duodenum > larvae penetrate walls>migrate to liver>bile ducts >adults
adult flukes live up to 10 years |
|
|
Term
| prevention of fascioliasis? |
|
Definition
avoid eating water plants
rx of herbivores and snail control measures
a promising sheep vaccine is under development |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of oriental liver flukes |
|
Definition
| eggs pass in human animal poo> miricidia released from eggs infect intermediate snail host>cercaria released form snail >metacercariae encyst on freshwater fish > raw fish consumed containing metarcecaria > excyst in small bowel > cbd > billiary tree > im an adult! |
|
|
Term
| special sexual characteristic of adult oriental liver flukes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholangiocarcinoma a/w with which oriental liver fluke is the most common form of liver cancer in NE Thailand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rx of opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fasciola Buski, an intestinal fluke is most commonly found in? |
|
Definition
| India and SE Asia particularly in pig rearing communities |
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of fasciola buski |
|
Definition
| metacercariae attached to waterplants ingested >excyst>attach to duodenal mucosa and become adults >inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs in sputum/poo>miracidium infects fresh water snail >cercariae encyst in freshwater crabs/crayfish>humans eat uncooked fish or their juices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Praziquantel
Triclabedazole is also effective |
|
|
Term
| liver fluke fasciola gigantic and hepatic are commonly found in which areas? |
|
Definition
all farming areas esp bolivia/south america
even in uk |
|
|
Term
| exam tip: eggs in sputum = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| o viverrini classed as class I carcinogen by WHO. How is it onchogenic? |
|
Definition
| Thought to be due to mechanical trauma of parasites moving through the billiary tree |
|
|
Term
| definitie host of fasciola hepatica include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms observed in chronic fascioliasis |
|
Definition
| jaundice, pancreatitis, gallstones, fibrosis of liver |
|
|
Term
| after infection with food bourne trematodes when will the eggs be present? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 months after infection |
|
|
Term
| difference between clonorchis and opisthorcis testes? |
|
Definition
clonorchis testes is highly branched
Opisthorchis testes is rounded - O for rOund |
|
|
Term
| how to differentiate T saginata and T solium scolex? |
|
Definition
T saginata has suckers
T solium has suckers and hooks!! |
|
|
Term
| which taenia is involved in causing cysticercosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indistinguishable from one another
30-35um
radially striated
internal oncospehre has 6 refractile hooks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if patient has cysticercosis in addition to taenia what should be used with caution? |
|
Definition
| Praziquantel as cysticidal can cause inflammation that can be problematic |
|
|
Term
| prevention and control of taenia |
|
Definition
avoid undercooked pork/meat
improved sanitation
good animal husbandry practice |
|
|
Term
| how do you get cysticercosis? |
|
Definition
Ingestion of t solium eggs
they hatch in small intestine>oncosphere penetrates intestinal wall> circulation > tissues > develops into cysticercus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treat neuro symptoms 1st e.g seizures
albendazole
praziquantel
co-admin of steroids |
|
|
Term
| isolated occular infections of cysticercosis should not be treated with drugs. why? |
|
Definition
| they can induce severe damage to the eye |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for Echinoccocus |
|
Definition
female gender
livestock ownership
occupation
dog ownership
uncontrolled slaughtering
poor hygine living conditions |
|
|
Term
| first and second most common places for cystic echinoccocus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rx of echinoccocus cysts
note: rx with albendazole/praziquantel before and after |
|
Definition
depends on location and size
surgical removal
PAIR (puncture/aspirate/inject/reaspirate)
note: rx with albendazole/praziquantel before and after |
|
|
Term
| what should you do before and after surgical management of cystic ecchinoccocus? |
|
Definition
| rx with albendazole/praziquantel before and after |
|
|
Term
| prevention and control of ecchinoccocus |
|
Definition
education
prevent infection in dogs
strict control of livestock slaughter
disposal of organs
restrict access of dogs to contaminated offal
vaccination |
|
|
Term
| text book symptom of biliary colic in the afternoon. whats the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Chinese flukes: clonorchis sinensis o viverrini o felineus |
|
|
Term
| which country has the highest infection rate of T sagnata in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 15-20 branches in my proglottid which taenia am i? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 13 or less branches in my proglottid which taenia am i? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevention and control of teania |
|
Definition
ID and rx taenia causes
secure free drugs
education inc hygine and food saftey
improve sanitation
vaccinate pigs (TSOL18)
improve meat inspection and meat processing
compensate for non sale of measly pork
cook meat thoroughly
reliable epidimeological data to focus on control and pevention measures |
|
|
Term
contraindications for PAIR procedure
puncture/aspirate/inject/reaspirate |
|
Definition
cysts communicating with biliary tree
cycsts opening into abdo cavity
risky location of cysts
inactive/calcified lesions
uncoperative pts e.g children |
|
|
Term
| preventing and controlling echinoccocus granulosus |
|
Definition
regular dog worming - provide free to owners
vaccination of sheep against ecchinoccocus - provide free
culling older - likely infected sheep - provide compensation
slaughter house hygine practices
slaughter house inspection and regulation
public eduction including route of infection via contaminated land/soil/dogs/wash hands/peel cook food/worm dogs etc |
|
|
Term
pathology of ecchinoccocus multilocularis
transmitted via wild carnivore i.e fox population |
|
Definition
daughter cysts bud externally and invade surrounding tissue like locally invasive tumours. main site liver where it mimics hcc. can met to lung/brain/bone
rx surgical excision and prolonged
albendazole |
|
|
Term
| which drugs are used to treat taeniasis? |
|
Definition
| Praziquantel and niclosamide |
|
|
Term
larvae develop where?
adults produce eggs where? |
|
Definition
larvae develop in intermediate host
adults produce fertile eggs in definitive hosts |
|
|
Term
| what causes taeniasis in humans? |
|
Definition
| Eating undercooked pork/beef with tapeworm cysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a larval tapeworm at the stage where the scolex is inverted in a sac. Typically found encysted in the muscle tissue of the host |
|
|
Term
| who are the definitive hosts for taenia? |
|
Definition
humans
cows and pigs are intermediate hosts |
|
|
Term
| rx options for cystic echinoccosus? |
|
Definition
watch and wait
surgical removal
chemo with benznidazoles
PAIR procedure
percutaneous sterilisation techniques |
|
|
Term
| how many forms of echinoccocus are there? |
|
Definition
4
cyctic
alveolar
polycystic
unicystic |
|
|
Term
| how does hydatid disease result? |
|
Definition
| larval stage of dog tapeworm developing in humans |
|
|
Term
| life cycle of e granulosus (hydatid cyst diease) |
|
Definition
| eggs passed from infected dog> contaminates pasture>herbivores infected grazing on contaminated pasture>oncospheres freed in gut > enter circulation > get trapped in capillaries of viscera and develop into cysts > dogs get infected by eating the contents of hydatid cysts in infected carcasses |
|
|
Term
| how many proglottids does the e granulosus adult tape worm possess? |
|
Definition
Just 3 proglottids
the end one is mature |
|
|
Term
| person has a cough. reports coughing clear salty tasting liquid followed by what looks like the outer membrane of a cyst? |
|
Definition
| ruptured e granulossus cysts in the bronchus |
|
|
Term
| water lilly appearance on CXR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most sensitive serological test in hydatid diseasE? |
|
Definition
| Antigen B rich fraction - the most sensitive serological test |
|
|
Term
| name the vaccine against dog tapeworm stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| echinoccocus multilocularis lifecycle |
|
Definition
| humans infected by swallowing eggs passed by foxes and other canidae from possibly wild ground fruits |
|
|
Term
| which type of hydatid disease mimimc hcc or cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose taeniasis |
|
Definition
proglottid segments in faeces
you cant distinguish between eggs
faecal Ag tests will differentiate between saginata/solium
PCR tests also available |
|
|
Term
| rx for invasive neurocysticercosis |
|
Definition
AED
praziquantel + albendazole
supporting rx like corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| rx for inactive neurocysticercosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can the fish tapeworm grow up to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diphyllobothrium latum AKA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how to dx fish tapeworm
rx? |
|
Definition
eggs/proglottids in faeces
rx: praziquantel |
|
|
Term
| what type of hydatid disease is echinoccous multilocularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 13 or fewer branches in proglottids = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which scolex of taenia contains hooks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which drug has been used to increase levels of albendazole and praziquantel in neurocyticercosis rx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dexamethasone given in neurocysticercosis.
affect on albendazole
affect on praziquantel? |
|
Definition
Dex increases levels of albendazole
dex decreases levels of praziquantel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after rx for taenia what should happen after 3/7 |
|
Definition
examine stool sample for proglottids for species identification
reexamine stools at 1 and 3 months to ensure infection hs been cleared |
|
|
Term
describe the proglotids of the fish tape worm
latin name? |
|
Definition
they are more wide than they are long
diphyllobothrium latum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| korea, china, taiwan, indonesia and thailand |
|
|
