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T3 fluid and electrolytes
fluid and electrolytes
47
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
10/05/2015

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Term
Largest single constituent of body
v Used as the medium for all chemical reactions in the body
v In the average adult, 2.___ of body weight is water
v Infants –3. _-_% of body wt. is water v Elderly 4.– _-_% of body wt. is water
Definition
water 60%....70-75%....45-50%
Term
number of grams of electrolytes in 1 liter of plasma
Definition
milliequivalent mEq
Term
used for physiologic processes and nerve conduction
Definition
minerals
Term
the pulling force exerted by colloid, pulls from interstitial into intravascular
Definition
oncotic pressure
Term
No cell energy required...Solute moves from higher
concentration to lower concentration...Particles are evenly distribute... Need permeable membrane
Definition
diffusion
Term
• Solvent moves across permeable membrane
• Goes from lower concentration to higher concentration
Definition
osmosis
Term
• Requires metabolic activity and energy expenditure
• Carrier Molecules
• Movement against a pressure gradient
Definition
ATP- active transport
Term
3 types of fluid pressures 1.2.3.
Definition
• Osmotic
• Oncotic
• Hydrostatic
Term
hemolysis occurs when there's 1.____ inside the cell
crenation occurs when theres 2.___ inside the cell
Definition
1. high solute concentration
2. low solute concentration
Term
pulls fluid from the cell into the intravascular space, used for increasing blood pressure
Definition
salt pore albumin
Term
an osmotic diuretic, a hypertonic sugar, causes diuresis and is given to patients with cerebral edema
Definition
manatol
Term
the force of fluid pressing outward toward the blood vessel wall, twice as great at the arterial end of capillary then it is at the venous end
Definition
hydrostatic pressure
Term
thirst center is regulated by the ___...
an increase in 2.___ sends this signal
Definition
hypothalamus, plasma osmolarity
Term
1. monitors osmotic pressure, sends signals
2. these receptors send signals by stimulating ___ release
Definition
osmoreceptors 2. angiotensin release
Term
____mL of water a day is recommended
Definition
1500mL
Term
• Estimated by doubling the serum Na • Used to measure dehydration....this value is called 1.____
normal values: 2.___-____
Definition
1. serum osmolality
2. 275-300
Term
Intravenous Solutions
• 1. osmotic pressure same as blood plasma
• 2. lower concentration of sodium than in blood
• 3. higher concentration of sodium than in blood
Definition
1. isotonic
2. hypotonic
3. hypertonic
Term
fluid intake
• Average adult: 1.____ml/24 hours
• Infants 2.___-___ ml/kg body weight/24 hrs.
• Elderly: ___
Definition
1500mL/24 hours
130-160ml/kg
same shit
Term
Urine output is regulated by: 1.2.3.
Definition
1. ADH 2. aldosterone 3. glucocorticoids
Term
Sources of Fluid Loss 1.2.3.
Definition
1.skin 2.lungs 3.gastrointestinal (GI)
Term
there is a(n) ____ in serum osmolality with fluid deficit
Definition
increase
Term
an example of an isotonic solution would be 1.___
an example of a hypotonic solution would be anything under 2.__
an example of a hypertonic solution would be anything over 3.__
Definition
normal saline, 0.45% normal saline, 0.9% normal saline
Term
1. increases with dehydration, decreases with fluid overload
2. normal range __-__
Definition
specific urine gravity
1.010-1.025
Term
if sodium and water are retained in equal excess it is called 1.__AKA 2.__
Definition
isotonic excess 2.circulatory overload
Term
Fluid volume intake
1. ___ congestion
2._____ congestion
3. ___ and ___ will decrease
Definition
1. pulmonary
2. systemic
3. hgb and hct
Term
fluid volume excess is related to
1.2.3.
Definition
• excess sodium intake
• excessive fluid intake
• drug therapies
Term
Fluid Volume Excess
1. ____ enlargement
2. increase in a.___ b.___
3.____(crackles in the lungs)
4. ___, ___, flushed skin
Definition
1. liver enlargement
2. blood pressure, venous pressure
3. pulmonary edema
4. warm, moist
Term
rehydration
assess a patients
1.2.3.
Definition
ability to swallow, retractible vomiting, mental status
Term
the most common diuretic used, not potassium sparing tho...shits whack cuz it wastes potassium
Definition
lasix
Term
when you pull skin and it stays up
Definition
tenting
Term
fluid volume deficit
1. decreased _____
2. increased a.b.c.
3. a symptom is ___
ALWAYS ASSUME IT IS 4.___ DEHYDRATION
Definition
1. decreased lacrimation
2. a.hematocrit b.blood pressure c.osmotic pressure
3. tenting
4. ISOTONIC
Term
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT
always assume it is 1.___ dehydration
if sodium is high, it is 2.___
if low, it is 3.____
Definition
1. isotonic dehydration
2. hypertonic (hypernatremic)
3. hypotonic (hyponatremic)
Term
hyponatremia causes ___ which ____ heart rate
Definition
hypotension, increases heart rate
Term
when you produce small amounts of urine it is called
Definition
oliguria
Term
when you stand up, blood pressure drops, this is called
Definition
postural hypotension
Term
for hyponatremia, the treatment is to use ____ for ____
Definition
0.9% normal saline for NGT irrigations
Term
hypernatremia
a common cause 1.___
treatment:
2.
monitor
3.___ 4.___
Definition
1.prolonged diarrhea
2. treat underlying cause
3. I and O
4. F and E
Term
• primary intracellular cation
• regulates metabolic activities
• nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cardiac rhythms
Definition
potassium
Term
hypokalmia assessment: what to look for
1.2.
THE MAX amount of KCL (potassium chloride) you can administer is ____, if you go faster, patient will go into cardiac arrest
Definition
1. cardiac conduction 2. shallow respiration to apnea
3. 10mEq/hr
Term
hyperkalemia
common causes:1.2.3.
assessment (what to look for): 1.2.3.4.
HYPERKALEMIA CAN CAUSE 5.
treat with 6. and avoid 7.
Definition
1. renal failure 2. trauma 3. too much KCL in IV
1. cardiac conduction 2. elevated BUN 3. decreased b/p 4.parasthesias 5. VENTRICULAR FIBRILATION 6.kayexalate 7.salt substitutes
Term
CALCIUM normal range __-__
regulated by the __/__
used for __ and ___
Definition
4.0-5.0 mEq/mL
thyroid, parathyroid
blood clotting and hormone secretion
Term
HYPOCALCEMIA
common causes: 1.2.3.4.5.
assessment: 1.2.3.4.5.6.
treatment 1.2.
Definition
rapid blood transfusion containing citrate, inadequate vitamin D intake, neoplastic, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism

2. tingling in fingers/ circumoral region, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s Sign, flexion spasms, pathological fractures

3. calcium gluconate IV or diet, seizure precautions
Term
hypercalcemia >5.5mEq
causes: 1.2.3.4.
assessment: 1.2.3.4.5.
treatment:
Definition
bone cancer, treating ulcers w large amounts of milk and antacids, prolonged bed rest, Paget's disease
1. fractures 2. weakness 3. decreased muscle tone 4. low back pain r/t renal colic 5.cardiac arrest
remove underlying cause
Term
1. Needed for enzyme activity, neurochemical activity, & muscular excitability
2. high/low levels associated with _____
3. Regulated by ___ excretion and ____
4. normal level range: __-__
Definition
1. magnesium
2. altered neuromuscular activity
3. renal excretion and parathyroid hormone
4. 1.8-2.7
Term

hypomagnesia causes: 1.2.

assessment:1.2.

treatment: 1.2.3.

special consideration:

treat overdose with

Definition

1. excessive calcium in diet 2.alcoholism

assessment: chvecks/trosseau's sign, babinski reflex treatment: calcium gluconate, Iv MgSO4, treat renal failure

when using MgSO4, monitor every 5 mins

treat MgSO4 OD w calcium gluconate

Term
HYPERMAGNESIA
common cause: 1.
assessment: 1.2. 3. 4.
treatment: 1.2.
Definition
1.renal failure
1. decreased everything 2. loss of patellar reflex 3.BUN 4. urine output
1. IV calcium gluconate 2. dialysis
Term
Phosphorus
number:1._-_
this is inversely proportionate with 2. ____
Definition
2.4-4.5 mEq
calcium
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