Which organ in the body houses ketones?  What is converted into ketones?

Ketoacidosis = ketone build-up in the blood

*can be life-threatening*

Glucose

*if glucose N/A, amino acids, fatty acids and triglycerides are utilized*

*glucose use is less complex and most efficient (involves fewest potentially detrimental by-products)*

True or false?

Ketones are not acidic.

False

> ketones are highly acidic

Liver

> other fcts: converts excess glucose into fat stores & synthesizes protein for body use

> stores vitamins/minerals

> metabolizes hormones/drugs

*bile is needed to break down ingested oils/fats*

Complete the sentence pertaining to pancreas:

In addition to helping break down proteins, fats and starches, the pancreas also helps neutralize .....

In addition to helping break down proteins, fats and starches, the pancreas also helps neutralize chyme.

*chyme : food from stomach to intestinal tract/duodenum(PH 6.8)*

*chyme can damage walls of small intestine if not neutralized*

Complete the sentence:

Alpha cells release 1).... in response to 2)... blood glucose.

Alpha cells release 1)glucagon in response to 2)low blood glucose.

*produced in the islets of Langerhans*

Complete the sentence:

Beta cells release 1)... in response to 2)... blood glucose.

Beta cells release 1)insulin in response to 2)high blood glucose.

*produced in the islets of Langerhans*

Complete the sentence:

Delta cells release ....

Delta cells release somatostatin.

*produced in the islets of Langerhans*

Somatostatin is an:

a) inhibitor

b) catalysis

a) inhibitor; regulated hormone used to inhibit glandular functions

*can control process ie: stomach emptying, nutrient digestion, absorption and utilization from inhibiting hormone secretion*

True or false?

Brain and blood cells need insulin for glucose uptake.

False

Brain and blood cells do not need insulin for glucose uptake.

Insulin is ...... in function:

a) catabolic

b) anabolic

Insulin is anabolic in function

*insulin ↓ sugar level*

* after a meal, insulin is released to allow glucose to move in tissue cell for Σ production*

Glucose converts into glycogen

*glucose's storage form in the liver*

Glucose

* catabolic in fct; ↑ sugar level*

Hyperglycemia

> causes various type of metabolic stress

Type 1 diabetes

*Bentin & Best *

Type 1 diabetes

*onset is usually but not exclusively, before 30*

Type 2 diabetes

> body cells develop decreased insulin resistance (insulin receptors are less sensitive to insulin)

*accounts for 90-95% of the diabetic population*

Type 2 diabetes

*childhood onset on the rise*

Type 2 diabetes

*about 30% of type 2 diabetics eventually need to use insulin*

True or false?

Inadequate exercise is a risk co-factor for type 2 diabetes.

True

*Diet and exercise are both involved in controlling blood glucose*

Fasting blood glucose/FPG

> 2^nd test must be done

*reults of 7.0 mmol/L or greater = diabetes*

*6.1-6.9 mmol/L = prediabetes*

Casual blood glucose

> 2^nd test must be done

*11.0 mmol/L or greater + symptoms = diabetes*

Oral glucose tolerance test

> 2^nd test must be done

*11.1 mmol/L or greater two hours after sweet drink = diabetic*

*7.8-11.0 mmol/L = prediabetic*

True or false?

Type 1 diabetes s/s tend to be gradual.

False

Type 1 diabetes s/s tend to be rapid.

Type 2 diabetes

*postprandial symptoms*

*higher susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections*

*erectile dysfunction*

Insulin is broken down in the digestive tract = it can only be injected.

*injected into subcutaneous fatty tissue (not muscle)*

the umbillicus

*abdomen is quickest site of insulin absorption*

hyperinsulinemia/hypoglycemia (insulin shock)

>rapidly causes hypoglycemia (the available glucose is being mobilized into cells)

* normal body matches insulin release to glucose level*

Hyperinsulinemia

*demand for glucose is high and consistent*

Hyperinsulinemia

Clammy sweating, shaking, hunger, slurred speech, palpitations/tachycardia, anxiety, irritability, minor disorientation, headache, and weakness are:

a) mild s/s

b) severe s/s

Hyperinsulinemia

Pronounced confusion, seizures, various neurological symptoms, loss of consciousness are:

a) mild s/s

b) severe s/s

Diabetic ketoacidosis/DKA

> insufficient insulin relative to food intake

No onsite massage for 24 hours

> at least 4" away

True or false?

There will be no onsite hydrotherapy on a current injection site for at least 24 hours (also stay at least 4" away).

edema = LD and elevation is indicated

*HBP/CHF-related position modification may be needed*

Complete the sentence pertaining to ulcers/gangrene:

Pressure release should be done no longer than ... min.

> unstable BP or CHF

> not yet diagnosed/treated

> systemic rxns

*new meds/dosage being started : consult MD before massaging*