Term
| Which motor centre is the key motor centre in learning new motor activities through visual observation or from a thought process/imagination (invention)? |
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Definition
Motor cortex
> Learning new motor activities through visual observation or as part of a process of thought = learning new skills |
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Term
| Which motor centre is the primary higher motor centre for voluntary movement (think, then do)? |
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Definition
Motor cortex
>primarily for voluntary (intentional) movements and key higher motor centre for learning through visual observation and thought process |
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Term
| Aside from being the primary higher motor centre for learning new motor activities and voluntary movement, what are other functions of the motor cortex? |
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Definition
Motor cortex
> Primary HMC for dexterity; fine motor control
> Involved in function combining cognitive and fine motor functions (eg: speech)
> Contributes in baseline motor system tone (amout of contraction based on input)
> Plays a role in complex, skillful, bilateral mvmts |
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Term
| Name the symptoms related to Motor Cortex dysfunctions. |
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Definition
> General hypotonia= added Σ is required from the other HMCs to produce tone for activity
> Capacity to: learn new skills, fine motor control, complex/BL motor activities are impaired
> Integrated cognitive motor activities (eg: speech, voluntary motor initiation) are impaired
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Term
Which higher motor centre is responsible for overall coordination, integration of elements from command packages?
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Definition
| Cerebellum: coordinate, integrates elements (sequencing, speed, synchronize) |
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Term
| Which HMC monitors sensory information from external/internal body sources and integrates information into effective, appropriate movements? |
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Definition
| Cerebellum: Gathers data from external/internal body (especially visual and proprioceptive data) and integrates into effective, appropriate movements |
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Term
| Other than coordination, integration of elements and monitoring sensory information, what are other functions of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
Cerebellum
> Sequences commands: perfects movements (especially rapid, complex actions)
* SSS: Speed, sequencing, synchronicity *
> Mobilize motor command for newly learned activities into/out of memory storage (motor memory) |
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Term
| Other than coordination/integration of elements, monitoring sensory information and speed, sequencing and synchronicity, as well as a role in storing newly learned activities, name the other functions of the cerebellum. |
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Definition
Cerebellum:
> Fine tuning of motor commands (to improve continuous actions/ improve learned skills)
> Suppression of tremor during purposeful body part activity (counteracts surge-like qualities of motor cortex output) |
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Term
| Name possible dysfunctions of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Poor coordination; intention tremor; dysmetria; nystagmus; vertigo; dysfunctions of motor memory; dysdiadochokinesia; decomposition of movement |
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Term
| What is dysmetria? Which higher motor centre experiences that dysfunction? |
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Definition
Dysmetria: inability to pinpoint; move a body part in the most direct and efficient way to a target
> dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| What is vertigo? Which higher motor centre experiences that dysfunction? |
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Definition
Vertigo: halluciation of movement (one's own body, or external environment, or both)
> dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| What is nystagmus? This dysfunction is associated with which HMC? |
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Definition
Nystagmus: combination of dysmetria and intention tremor (the eyes move rapidly when attempting to focus on a visual object)
> Dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| What is an intention tremor? Which HMC is associated with this dysfunction? |
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Definition
Intention tremor: body/body part tremors when engaged in purposeful activity
> a dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| What is dysdiadochokinesia? Which HMC is associated with this dysfunction? |
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Definition
Dysdiadochokinesia:inability to perform rapid alternating movements often in a mirror image type patern
(eg: RMT who cannot do tapotment)
> Cerebellar dysfunction |
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Term
| Which dysfunction is defined as motor activities broken down into component parts and done more slowly, one at a time, and usually with a great deal of energy and concentration required? This dysfunction is associated with which higher motor centre? |
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Definition
Decomposition of movement : motor activities broken down in component parts, slowly, one at a time, requiring a lot of energy and concentration
> A dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Which higher motor centre is associated with these dysfunctions: problems organizing specific muscle groups; impaired balance and equilibrium; ataxia/dystaxia? |
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Definition
| All these dysfunctions are components part of dysfunctions of the cerebellum |
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Term
| Which dysfunction is also known as "Drunken Sailor's Gait"? |
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Definition
> Drunken Sailor's Gait aka ataxia/dystaxia
> cerebellar dysfunction
> Person's body parts are not working in an integrating way; centre of gravity poorly maintained;poor coordination (clumsiness); STAGGERING GAIT that is easily destabilized (person falls, has vertigo component) |
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Term
| Name the functions of the Basal Nuclei |
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Definition
> alerts other centres to the need for new command sequences to issue
> oversees reflex in motor system
> error correction: monitors info coming into motor system and suppresses automatic responses that are not correct for the situation
> adds gracefulness and efficiency to movement |
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Term
| Which higher motor centre suppresses tremor in body parts not engaged in purposeful activity, through counteracting surge-like qualities of motor cortex ouput? |
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Definition
| Basal Ganglia: supress tremors in body parts not engaged in activity (body part at rest although the person is awake) by counteracting surge-like qualities of motor cortex output |
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Term
| The Basal Ganglia/Nuclei oversees reflexive relationships in the motor system. Name those reflexes |
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Definition
> agonist/antagonist/synergist (stabilize prime movers)
> postural reflexes
> background positioning of trunk/limb girdles
> inherent, automatic types of movement reponses (eg: swallowing)
*looks at relationship in good reflexive fcts* |
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Term
| What is resting tremor? Which HMC is associated with this dysfunction? |
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Definition
resting tremor: body part tremor when not engaged in purposeful activity
> associated with basal ganglia |
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Term
| What is postural tremor? What HMC is associated with this dysfunction? |
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Definition
postural tremor: muscles/body parts tremor with maintenance of static position
> associated with Basal Ganglia |
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Term
What word defines dysfunction of muscles/body parts tremor with maintenance of static position? Which HMC is this associated?
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Definition
Postural tremor: muscles/body parts tremor with maintenance of static position
> dysfunction of the BASAL GANGLIA |
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Term
| Short, sharp contractions (singly or in series) involving small motor recruitment are also known as... |
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Definition
Tic: short, sharp contractions (singly or in series) involving small motor recruitment
> eg: motor functions including throat
> Involuntary movements as dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia |
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Term
True or False?
Athetosis is a dysfunction of the BG occuring unilaterally |
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Definition
False
>Athetosis: Writhing "snake-like" movements
> usually BL (wrist or ankle or leg) |
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Term
| What is known as a sudden explosive large-scale movement of a body part(s)? |
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Definition
Ballism: sudden explosive large-scale movement of a body part
> dysfunction of the BG |
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Term
| What is known as a sequence of jerky but strangely graceful movement? |
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Definition
Chorea: sequence of jerky but strangely graceful movement
> referred to as a dance travelling along a body part/ half of body/ full body
>dysfunction of the BG |
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Term
| What is also known as body parts migrating to an abnormal position and "freezes" there for a period of time? |
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Definition
Dystonia: Body parts migrating to an abnormal position and "freezes" there for a period of time
> dysfunction of the BG |
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Term
| How do you call body parts moving through repetitive cycles of swing or other movement patterns? |
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Definition
Dyskinesia: body parts move through repetitive cycles of swing or other movement patterns
> dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia
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Term
| You notice a man having difficulty starting and stopping his movements. He cannot change course or direction but eventually picks up his speed. What is this dysfunction? |
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Definition
Bradykinesia: slow movement initiation and inability to initiate movement
> BG dysfuntion
> usually slow starting and picks up speed
> impairment shows as difficulty starting and stopping movement/ also changing course/direction (can also freeze during mvmt) |
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Term
True or false?
Disorders of postural control are dysfunctions of the cerebellum |
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Definition
False
> disorders of postural control are dysfunctions of the BG
> eg: limb girdle and/or trunk collapse; poor motor endurance in postural situations; frequent falling |
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Term
| Explain what happens to your energy with dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia |
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Definition
Increase in energy consumption during motor activities
> ie: fatigue, poor endurance |
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Term
| What is also known as the "gait of Basal Ganglia dysfunction/ shuffling gait"? |
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Definition
Festination
> difficulty starting; person will create momentum by pitching upper body forward
> begins slowly & picks up speed, walk key reflexes are absent; (ie: off, knee lift, arm swing); difficulty changing course and stopping; can overbalance easily |
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Term
| What word defines simultaneous concentric contraction of the agonist and antagonist mm engaged in moving a joint? |
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Definition
Rigidity: concentric contraction of agonist and antagonist in a moving joint
> absent/very limited mvmts; jts/body parts held in abnormal "holding positions" determined by the strongest muscle group |
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Term
| What word defines continuous movement resistance? Where is this dysfunction felt? |
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Definition
Lead pipe: continous movement reistance
> felt in rigidity of limbs |
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Term
| What word defines intermittent movement resistance? Where is this dysfunction felt? |
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Definition
Cogwheel: intermittent movement resistance
> Rigidity of the limbs |
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Term
| What is referred to as "mask of Parkinsonism"? How is this important to RMTs? (BG dysfunction) |
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Definition
Rigidity of fascial mm = mask of Parkinsonism
>cannot generate reflexive/automatic component of facial expression but can generate voluntary movement briefly; blank face
> RMT cannot rely to face for feedback
>> communication must be verbal
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Term
| What happens in rigidity of respiration? |
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Definition
Respiration rigidity: reduced aircaged excursion and diaphragm movement
> dyspnea
> apical breathing
>↓ respiratory clearance = ↑ risk of respiratory infection
> rigidity is a BG dysfunction |
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Term
| Dissumption of peristalsis is a rigidity occuring where? How is this significant to RMTs? |
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Definition
Dissumption of peristalsis = rigitidy of the digestive tract
> constipation
> dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
> aphagia (cannot swallow)
> RMT alert: choking risk especially supine |
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