Term
| All proteins are made in the _________ (except those made in the ___________) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the nuclear lamina do? |
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Definition
| It supports the shape of the nucleus and also serves as the attachment site for chromosomes |
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Term
| Proteins destined for organelles have a __________________________, if they don't have one, they just stay in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| signal recognition sequence |
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Term
| What is the Nuclear Localization Signal? |
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Definition
| Postively charged amino acids lead to the nucleus. NLS receptors in the cytoplasm bind to the proteins and move to the nuclear pores |
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Term
| T/F Proteins enter the nucleus in their usual conformation |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins going to the mitochondria have what kind of signal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chaperone proteins? |
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Definition
| Proteins inside the mitochondria which pull a protein through both membranes and refold the protein properly. |
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Term
| What is unique about the mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
| It's a double membrane with lots of cardiolipids |
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Term
| What synthesizes steroid hormones? |
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Definition
| The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which also detoxifies alcohol in the liver, glycosylation, and control of Ca++ |
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Term
| Why is the cell membrane called "constitutive"? |
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Definition
| Because it is constantly making membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA, mRNA being produced, and proteins |
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Term
| The nucleus has a ______-membrane which is contiguous with the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The golgi apparatus looks like... |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport vesicles move fromwhat to what to what? |
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Definition
| rER to sER to Golgi apparatus |
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Term
| The lysosome does what? What is it full of? |
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Definition
| Lysis things. Full of degradative enzymes |
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Term
| The mitochondria produces ___, and they also contain their own ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytoskeleton is comprised of: |
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Definition
| actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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Term
| The peroxisome does what? by producing what? |
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Definition
| Breaks down lipids by producing hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| A phospholipid has what kind of backbone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| More bioactive, found INSIDE |
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Term
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Definition
| A 6 Carbon sugar ring, things attach to the C's, very active phospholipid, usually on the cytoplasmic surface |
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Term
| What is created quickly from Serine by enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What specialized, structured element is found in mitochondrial membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long hydrocarbon chains with COOH / COO- charged ends, not found alone, they aggregate into fat droplets. The length of fatty acids affect the fluidity of membranes |
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Term
| What is a "saturated" fatty acid, and how does its effect on membrane fluidity compare to unsaturated? |
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Definition
| Saturated means no double bonds - maximum H's. This DECREASES the fluidity because there is MORE packing. The double bond puts a kink in the chain, making it interact less with other chains and increase the fluidity |
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Term
| What is a good example of an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a good example of an 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Phospholipase A2? |
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Definition
| It cleaves the C2 fatty acid, which has a negative charge and serves as a substrate for several purposes. This produces a Lysophospholipd, which is a detergent, which disturbs the membrane, and makes it MORE FLUID |
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Term
| The entire membrane production process occurs in the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Things produced INSIDE the ER always go _______ vesicles and eventually ________ the cell |
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Definition
| Inside vesicles and outside of the cell |
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Term
| What is the main function of flippases? |
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Definition
| To move the phospholipids perfectly and specifically across the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What proteins span the phospholipid bilayer? |
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Definition
| Integral Membrane Proteins |
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Term
| What shapes do integral membrane proteins adopt? |
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Definition
| an alpha-helix in the hydrophobic middle (often see beta-pleated sheets on the outside). Beta barrels are also seen to solve the spanning problem |
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Term
| What are the 4 main reasons for membrane proteins? |
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Definition
TRANSPORT, Anchors (keep cells still, these proteins are called integrands)
Receptors
Enzymatic activity |
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Term
| What mass % of the membrane is protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio of lipid molecules to proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a chaotropic agent do? |
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Definition
Busts up membranes
examples are: detergents, salts, organic solvents like chloroform |
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Term
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Definition
| It's the primary mechanism to control the fluidity of the membrane |
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