Term
| What are the two stages of Respiration? |
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Definition
1. Gas Exchange
2. Cellular Respiration |
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Term
| What is the process of ventilation? |
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Definition
| Bringing gas from the atmosphere through the conducting airways into the alveoli and back into the environment. |
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Term
| Gas exchange of both O2 and CO2 occurs through the passive force of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Cellular Respiration? |
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Definition
| Oxidation of nutrients coupled to the generation of high energy compounds (ATP) in the mitochondria. |
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Term
| T/F: In a healthy lung, rate of ventilation is greater than that of perfusion. |
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Definition
| False. Ventilation must match perfusion in a healthy lung |
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Term
1. What is hypoxemia?
2. Hypoxia?
3. Hypercarbia?
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Definition
1. Inadequate level of blood oxygen content
2. Inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues
3. Elevated levels of CO2 due to inadequate ventilation. |
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Term
| T/F: The lung has the richest capillary network of any organ in the body and the largest blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the first 16 generations of airways called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics and functions of the conducting zone? |
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Definition
1. Function to warm and humidify the air
2. Ciliated cells move mucous toward the glottis for clearance
3. No gas exchange
4. Cartilagenous C-Rings in the first 4 generations that prevent airway collapse. |
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Term
| What are the last 7 generations of airways called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures does the Respiratory Zone comprise of? |
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Definition
| Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveoli |
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Term
| What is the Terminal Respiratory Unit composed of? |
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Definition
Type 1 alveolar pneumocytes
Interstitial Tissue
Capillary Endothelial Cells |
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Term
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Definition
Total Pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the atmosphere.
Partial pressures of gases are found by the fraction of each gas in the mixture |
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Term
1. What is the normal fraction of O2 in the atmosphere?
2. Of N2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the partial pressure of water vapor in humidified inspired air? |
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Definition
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Term
1. What is PAO2?
2. PIO2?
3. FIO2?
4. PaO2 |
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Definition
1. Alveolar Oxygen Pressure
2. Sea Level Inspired Partial Pressure of Oxygen
3. Fraction of Oxygen
4. Pressure of Oxygen in arterial blood |
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Term
| Hypoventiation will lead to ______ levels of alveolar carbon dioxide and _________ levels of alveolar oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Respiratory Quotient? |
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Definition
Carbon Dioxide Production/Oxygen Consumption
Averages 0.8 since oxygen consumption is more than CO2 production. |
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Term
1. Why is the PaO2 less than PAO2?
2. What is the normal value of difference between the two and what is the term for it? |
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Definition
1. Since matching of perfusion and ventilation in the lungs is not perfect. Also due to the fact that a small amount of venous blood bypasses the pulmonary capillaries and enters into the arterial circulation without being exposed to alveoli.
2. 7-10mmHg, Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Gradient |
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Term
1. What is a normal value for PaO2?
2. What is a normal value for PaCO2? |
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Definition
1. 85-95 mmHg
2. 35-45 mmHg |
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Term
| What will cause the PaCO2 to increase? |
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Definition
1. Increase in CO2 production (increased metabolism).
2. When total alveolar ventilation is decreased |
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Term
| What are the two ways that O2 is carried in the blood and which of the two is the major carrier? |
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Definition
Dissolved in Plasma (Minor)
Hemoglobin (Major -98%) - Thus amount of hemoglobin can largely determine the amount of oxygen in the blood |
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Term
| When fully saturated, how much oxygen can 1 gram of Hb hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of oxygen delivery to tissues is determined by which two major factors? |
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Definition
1. Arterial Oxygen Content
2. Cardiac Output |
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Term
1. What is the value of normal resting oxygen consumption?
2. Delivery? |
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Definition
1. 250 ml O2/min
2. 635 ml O2/min; only 25-25% of oxygen is consumed by tissues at rest |
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Term
| What are two ways that increased oxygen demand for tissues can be met? |
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Definition
1. Increased respiration and cardiac output
2. Tissues can extract more oxygen
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Term
1. What is the normal blood gas value for mixed venous blood?
2. What can cause this to fall? |
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Definition
1. PVO2 = 40 mmHg
2. Conditions with decreased oxygen delivery which will lead to increased extraction of oxygen by tissues will cause this to fall. |
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Term
1. What is the normal tidal volume?
2. What is the normal minute volume? |
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Definition
1. 500 ml
2. (500)(12 breaths/minute) = 6L |
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Term
| The volume of expired gas is (less/more) than inspired gas. |
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Definition
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Term
1. What is PaCO2 during hypoventilation?
2. Hyperventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
1. What is Tidal Volume?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of air inspired per normal breath
2. 0.5 L
3. Yes |
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Term
1. What is Residual Volume?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal forced expiration
2. 1-1.2 L
3. No
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Term
1. What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of gas that can be inspired following a normal breath
2. 1.9 - 3.1 L
3. Yes |
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Term
1. What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of gas that can be expired following a normal expiration
2. 0.8 - 1.2 L
3. Yes |
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Term
1. What is Functional Residual Capacity?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of gas remaining in lung following a normal quiet expiration.
2. 1.8 - 2.4 L
3. No |
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Term
1. What is Vital Capacity?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of gas that can be forcefully expired following a maximal inspiration
2. 3.2 - 4.8 L
3. Yes |
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Term
1. What is Total Lung Capacity?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. The total volume of gas that is in the lungs following a maximal inspiration
2. 4.2 - 6.0 L
3. No |
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Term
1. What is Forced Expiratory Volume 1 Sec?
2. What is the normal value?
3. Can it be measured with a spirometer? |
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Definition
1. Volume of air that can be expired in one second
2. FEV1/VC = >80%
3. Yes |
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