Term
| What are the functions of the urinary system? |
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Definition
Homeostasis
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Renin production
Erythropoietin production |
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Term
| How much filtrate is formed per minute? |
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Definition
| 125 ml of filtrate (124 ml is reabsorbed) |
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Term
| How much urine if formed in 24 hours? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general structural arrangement of the kidneys? |
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Definition
Renal Pelvis
Major Calyces
Minor Calyces
Hilum
Medulla
Cortex |
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Term
| How many medullary pyramids are in each kidney? |
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Definition
| 10 - 18 medullary pyramids |
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Term
| What is the orientation of medullary rays in the kidney? |
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Definition
| They go from the base of the medullary pyramids and penetrate the cortex. |
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Term
| What percentage of nephrons are Juxtamedullary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are most of the nephrons located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is each nephron composed of? |
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Definition
Renal Corpuscle
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Thick and Thin Limbs of Henle's Loop
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Collecting Tubules and Ducts |
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Term
| What is the renal corpuscle comprised of? |
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Definition
| Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) surrounded by a double layered capsule known as the "Bowman's Capsule" |
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Term
| What layer of Bowman's capsule is the glomerulus surrounded by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Urinary Space? |
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Definition
| This is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's Capsule. |
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Term
Where does the afferent arteriole enter the corpuscle?
Where does the efferent arteriole exit the corpuscle? |
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Definition
| They both enter and exit, respectively, the corpuscle at the arterial pole. |
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Term
| Where is the PCT connected to the corpuscle? |
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Definition
| The PCT is connected to the corpuscle at the urinary pole. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are cells of the visceral layer of Bowman's Capsule that are responsible for production of pedicles and filtration slits. |
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Term
1. What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule comprise of?
2. What does it switch to when it reaches the urinary pole and becomes the PCT? |
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Definition
1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Columnar or Low Cuboidal |
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Term
| Where do primary processes arise from? |
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Definition
| They arise from the cell bodies of the podocytes |
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Term
| Where do secondary processes (pedicles) arise from? |
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Definition
| They arise from primary procesess and are in direct contact with the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. |
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Term
| What spans the filtration slits? |
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Definition
| A diaphragm of 6 nm thickness |
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Term
| What are the layers of the basement membrane? |
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Definition
| Lamina Densa surrounded by two layer of Lamina Rara. |
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Term
| What is the filtration barrier in the glomerulus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Patients with hereditary proteinuria syndrome have a defect in coding for what protein which is responsible for proper filtration barriers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are mesangial cells? |
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Definition
Adhere to the glomerular capillaries.
Contractile cells, possess angiotensin II receptors, possess natriuretic factor receptors, synthesize extracellular matrix materials, provide structural support for glomerulus, clean the basement membrane via endocytosis, produce cytokine and prostaglandins |
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Term
| T/F: Both PCT and DCT have numerous microvili which form a brush border on their luminal surface. |
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Definition
| False. Only the PCT has the brush border. |
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Term
| What are the portions of the Loop of Henle? |
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Definition
Thick and Thin Descending Limbs
Thick and Thin Ascending Limbs |
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Term
| Which limbs of the Loop of Henle are similar to the PCT? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of epithelium is are the thin limbs composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cortical Nephrons have very long limbs that extend into the medulla of the kidney. |
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Definition
| False. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long limbs. Cortical nephrons are in the cortex only. |
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Term
| What type of cells is the DCT comprised of? |
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Definition
| Simple Cubodial without Brush Border. Cells are smaller than the PCT. |
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Term
| What is the Macula Densa? |
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Definition
| These are specialized cells of the PCT in contact with the afferent arterioles at the vascular pole of the corpuscle. The nuclei are packed together and typically appear dark. They are a part of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus. The macula densa cells are sensitive to ionic composition and volume of tubular fluid. |
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|
Term
1. What type of epithelium do smaller collecting tubules comprise of?
2. Larger collecting ducts? |
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Definition
1. Cuboidal Epithelium
2. Columnar Epithelium
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Term
| What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus? |
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Definition
| These are a collection of modified cells of the macula densa and JG cells. The JG cells are modified smooth muscle cells that are located on the wall of the afferent arteriole. |
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Term
| What substance is produced by the JG cells? |
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Definition
| Renin - helps to play a role in maintenance of blood pressure |
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Term
| Where do interlobar arteries arise from and where are they located? |
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Definition
| They arise from the renal arteries and are located between the medullary pyramids. |
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Term
| Where do arcuate arteries arise from and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Arise from the interlobar arteries and move transversely through the corticomedullary junction. |
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Term
| Where do Interlobular arteries arise from? |
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Definition
| They arise from the arcuate arteries and ascend through the cortex. |
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Term
| Where do afferent arterioles arise from? |
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Definition
| Arise as branches of the interlobular arteries and enter the renal corpsule at the vascular pole |
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Term
| Where do the Vasa Recta arise from? |
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Definition
| These arise from the efferent arterioles that leave the renal corpuscle associated with juxtamedullary nephrons. |
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Term
| Where does the Peritubular Capillary Network arise from? |
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Definition
| These arise from branching of the efferent arteriole. |
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Term
| Where do stellate veins emerge from? |
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Definition
| Capillaries of the outer cortical region and from the renal capsule converge to from stellate veins which drain into the interlobular veins. |
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Term
| All other named veins accompany the corresponding arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the bladder, calyces, renal pelvis and ureters? |
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Definition
| Transitional Epithelium that is 5-6 layers thick |
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Term
| What is the arrangement of the smooth muscle in the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transitional Epithelium, when distended takes on what appearance? |
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Definition
| Squamous appearance 3-4 layers thick |
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Term
| Detrusor muscles fibers of the bladder run in which direction? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do the ureters pass into the bladder wall? |
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Definition
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|
Term
1. What type of epithelium is the Prostatic Urethra?
2. Membranous Urethra?
3. Pendulous and Bulbous portions of Male urethra?
4. Female Urethra? |
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Definition
1. Transitional Epithelium
2. Stratified or Pseudostratified Columnar
3. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
4. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Term
| Where are Littre's Glands located? |
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Definition
| Present along the entire length of the urethra but are most prevalent in the pendulous portion. |
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