* Falling Water tables

* Seawater intrusion

*Land surface subsidences

*Turn water off in shower when lathering up

*Fix leaky pipes

*Turn water off when shaving/brushingteeht/washing face

*Water lawn only when absolutley necessary

* Help Control Flooding

*Hydroelectricity

*Events follow patterns or result from causes that can be understood

*The rules or laws of nature are the same throughout the universe

*generalizations can be tested and disproved if untrue. If no test is possible, the generalization is unscientific

*The oldest observable galaxies are more strongly red-shifted than younger ones

*Observable galaxies are mostly moving away from our position, in all directions

*All of space is filled with low-energy microwave background radiation, left over from the violence of cosmic explosion

*The Heliocentric Theory

*The Germ Theory of Disease

*The Theory of Biological Evolution

*Drawdown of dissolved oxygen

*fishies killed

*loss of submerged aquatic vegetation

*stimulation of toxic algal blooms

*Fertilizer
*Detergents

*Sewage Discharge

*Feedlots

arguments are based on a reversal fo cause and effect

ex: god must exist because otherwise life would have no meaning

Smog

Acid Rain

Eutrophication

*Emission of  biogenic reduced S-gasses from the surface ocean

* Biomass burning

*Sea Salt Aerosols

*Volcanic Eruptions

*Loss of aquatic Life

*Dead Forests/ Ecosystem

*Stones and lawn decorations deteriorating

* Events follow patterns or results from causes that can be understood

*Rules from nature are the same throughout the univers&have always been

*Scientific reasoning is inductive: it begins with a specific observation &extends to generalizations

*Generalizations can be tested & disproved if untrue: if no test is possible, the generalization is unscientific

*New evidence can disprove theories, but absolute proof is impossible

EVERYWHERE

Police work, Criminal investigation, medicine, law, engineering, etc.

65000000

Expansion of space-time, starting from a subatomic size

Did not expand INTO space, space ITSELF expanded
Initial high energy state, slowly cooled as space expanded

Galaxies are rushing away from us in all directions

Farther galaxies are moving faster

Farther away = longer ago//Ancient universe expanded faster than now

All of space is filled with a dim microwave radiation

That wavelength has expanded w/ space

Sruface flow to drainage channels

Porous geological formation in the subsurface

Permeability dictates whether a rock formation can function as an aquifer

Shale, clay

Prevent infiltration of water

Poor aquifers

Aquitards

Sandstone, Fractured Rocks

Limestone functions as high-capacity aquifers

97.2% - Oceans

2.15% - Ice Sheets

.31% - Groundwater

.009% - Lakes

.001% - Atmosphere

.0001% - Rivers

Residence Time of Water on Earth

Oceans  - 1,000s (3550 avg) of years

Ice Sheets - 10,000 years +

Groundwater - 100s-1,000s of years

Lakes - 10s of years

Atmosphere - 9 Days

Riers - 2 Weeks

Residence Time

*The amount of time (avg.) that sonstituent spends in a given reservoir

**DIVIDE THE RESERVOIR SIZE BY THE FLUX**

EX: OCEANS: 13700 X 10^20 G / 3.8X10^20g/yr = 3605 Years

Consumptive Water Use in the U.S.

84.3% - Agriculture

8.5% - Industry

7.2% - Domestic

*Drip systems / low flow sprinklers

*Increase organic content of soils

*Reduce runoff: contour farming, strip corpping

*No till argriculture (less dry soil)

*Scheduled irrigation

*Recycling wastewater

*New crop varieties

*Changes in diets! (Less meat eaters)

*New Water Supply pipes

*High Efficiency Showerheads

*Install water efficient toilets

*turnoff water while brushing teeth/shaving

*Water down gardens conservatively

*Plant climate-appropriate vegitation

*Install rain catchwater system - collect water & use to irrigate

*Use gray water for irrigation

*decreased river flow
*Aquifer water tables drop

*saltwater intrusion can occur

*can create land subsidence

*wetlands dry or decrease area / period of saturation

*threatens wildlife as well as agriculture

Adv. Of Dams

* Steady water supply

*generate electricity

*Control floods

*reservoirs create recreational opportunities

*Interrupt fish migration

*flooding destroys wildlife habitat

*displace human populations

*reduced waterflow allows saltwater intrusion into estuaries

*Decreased water flow decreases flow of nutrient rich sediments

*release of coldest water from bottom of reservoir influences fisheries

*Decreased water quality downstream

*Decreased water in river-fed water bodies

*Saltwater intrusion

*Land subsidence

Oceans

predominant water reservoir on earth

Medium for dissolved chemical transport

Vast plain, essentially featurless geologically

exceptions: mid -ocean rift volcanic features, intraplate volcanic activities

Avg Depth: 3,700 meters

Ocean Water Temperature

Lowest is about -2 degrees C in polar waters

Equational surface waters can reach about 30degrees C

~3.5% Salts by weight

Mostly NaCl

Na+, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ make up 99% of dissolved ocean salt

Dinitrogen

Most abundant component of atmosphere

Density-driven

higher salinity = more dense

colder = more dense

dense saltwater sinks, pulls downward current to ocean floor

Creates closed loop "Conveyer Belt"

Equilibrium between oceans and atmosphere of C02

*Carbon dioxide dissolves into ocean water

The more Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more that dissolves into the water the more that dissolves into the oceans

Goverened by a chemical reaction

Slow. takes about 5000 years

{NOx}

NO, NO2, N2O

NH3

Can dissolve in water to form ammonium (NH4+)