Term
renal a -> interlobar a -> arcuate a -> interlobular a -> afferent glomerular a -> efferent glomerular a -> peritubular capillary -> interlobular v -> arcuate v -> interlobar v
In the medulla: efferent glomerular a -> descending vasa recta -> ascending vasa recta -> arcuate vein |
|
Definition
| order of blood flow in kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to the blood |
|
|
Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
| the part of the nephron that reabsorbs a greater variety of chemicals than any other part of the nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional unit of the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modified smooth muscle cell in the afferent arteriole that secretes renin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized region in distal tubule that regulates blood flow to glomerulus by detecting sodium concentration changes in the distal tubule; secretes ACE |
|
|
Term
| Extraglomerular mesangial cell (Lacis cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percent of nephrons not necessary for normal function (50%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins with loss of renal reserve, no clinical signs but cannot compensate for stresses such as infection or dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurrence of morphologic renal lesions of any size or severity or any biochemical abnormalities related to renal function (because of the extensive reserve capacity of the kidney, may be present in the absence of clinical signs or laboratory abnormalities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of decreased renal function where azotemia and inability to concentrate urine persist concurrently (occurs only after substantial loss of nephrons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increased concentration of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds in the blood, usually urea or creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of urine products in blood; clinical and biochemical manifestation of renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinical signs and lesions of uremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney enlargement (unilateral or bilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal process of urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficult urination, often with painful straining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of abnormally small amount of urine/no urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased urine production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased frequency of urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased thirst/water consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urination in inappropriate locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal retention of urine in bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inappropriate passage of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to form (concentrate) urine of high specific gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excretion of urine with the same osmolality as that of plasma |
|
|
Term
| Proteinuria/hemoglobinuria/hematuria/pyuria |
|
Definition
| abnormal presence of protein/hemoglobin/red blood cells/pus in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormality of altered structural organization resulting from abnormal differentiation and the presence of structures not normally present in nephrogenesis; usually bilateral but not necessarily symmetrical; results in small and/or misshapen kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Asynchronous differentiation of nephrons (inappropriate for the age of the animal) |
|
Definition
| key microscopic feature of renal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Progressive juvenile nephropathy |
|
Definition
| seen in breeds such as the lhasa apso, shih tzu, and golden retriever; exhibits asynchronous differentiation of nephrons and to a lesser extent other features of renal dysplasia; may be a variant of renal dysplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spherical, thin-walled, variably sized distensions principally of the cortical or medullary renal tubules, filled with watery fluid; may be single or multiple |
|
|
Term
| Polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
| inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in Persian cats and bull terriers |
|
|
Term
Primary renal glucosuria
Fanconi-like syndrome
Cystinuria
Hyperuricosuria |
|
Definition
| inherited abnormalities in renal tubular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clinical syndrome characterized by proteinuria/hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hypercholesterolemia |
|
|
Term
| Suppurative glomerulitis (embolic nephritis) |
|
Definition
| occurs when bacteria lodge in random glomeruli and occasionally interstitial capillaries, causing microabscesses |
|
|
Term
| Actinobacillosis of foals (Actinobacillus equuli) |
|
Definition
| most common cause of suppurative glomerulitis |
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| due to deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli; the deposits may be preformed circulating immune complexes or more commonly due to in situ formation; occurs most commonly in dogs and cats in association with persistent infections, use of modified live virus vaccines, or other diseases that have a prolonged antigenemia |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| increased cellularity of the glomerular tufts caused by proliferation of glomerular endothelial, epithelial, and mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| Membranous glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| diffuse glomerular basement membrane thickening because of the presence of subepithelial Ig deposits which are later removed and replaced by basement membrane material, resulting in sclerotic change; often associated with nephrotic syndrome; the most common form of ICGN in cats |
|
|
Term
| Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| hypercellularity following proliferation of glomerular cells and thickening of the capillary basement membrane and mesangium; the most common form of ICGN in domestic animals including dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular lesions that involve all or most of the glomeruli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular lesions that involve only some glomeruli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular lesions that involve an entire glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerular lesions that involve only part of the glomerular tuft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhesions between the glomerular tufts and Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypercellular, intraglomerular lesion composed of proliferated parietal epithelium, monocytes, fibrin, and later, fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrunken, hyalinized glomeruli because of an increase in both fibrous connective tissue and mesangial matrix and a loss of glomerular capillaries; glomeruli nonfunctional; the end-stage of glomerulonephritis and any chronic disease with severe damage to nephrons |
|
|
Term
| Lugol's iodine plus weak acid (dilute sulfuric acid) |
|
Definition
| method for diagnosing amyloidosis |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic glomerular vasculopathy and cutaneous vasculopathy of greyhounds |
|
Definition
| cause unknown but may be due to an E. coli toxin; gross characteristics - congestion and petechial hemorrhages in the renal cortex; microscopic - fibrin thrombi, hemorrhage and necrosis in glomeruli; affected dogs also have cutaneous erythemas and ulcers, distal limb edema, uremic signs, and thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
Intravascular accumulation of metabolic wastes - azotemia, uremia
Reduced blood pH (metabolic acidosis)
Alterations in plasma electrolyte concentrations (K, Ca, P)
Hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when renal functional capacity is abruptly impaired (>75%) |
|
|
Term
Decreased ultrafiltration
Intratubular obstruction
Fluid back leak
Intrarenal vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| Four main pathophysiologic alterations of acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
Cardiotoxicity of elevated K+
Metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| causes of death in acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the single most important cause of acute renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly damage tubular epithelial cells, particularly those of the proximal convoluted tubules, following the intracellular conversion to reactive metabolites; usually do not damage the tubular basement membrane, thus more efficient regeneration of tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause sublethal tubular cell injury, necrosis or apoptosis; characterized by disruption of the tubular basement membrane (tubulorrhexis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disruption of the tubular basement membrane |
|
|
Term
Hypovolemic shock
Renal vascular obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephrotoxin-associated ischemia |
|
Definition
| occurs when nephrotoxins indirectly stimulate vasoconstriction and ischemia |
|
|
Term
Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Back leak of glomerular filtrate
Tubular obstruction |
|
Definition
| mechanisms of decreased GFR in ischemic ARF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually occurs secondary to severe intravascular hemolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary to acute rhabdomyolysis |
|
|
Term
Cisplatin
Aminoglycosides (esp. neomycin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic metabolites of ethylene glycol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, interstitial edema, and hemorrhage caused by epsilon exotoxin produced by Clostridium perfringes type D in small ruminants; must be differentiated from postmortem autolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary inflammation in the interstitial vascular structures or connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Tubulointerstitial nephritis |
|
Definition
| a group of inflammatory diseases that involve the interstitium and tubules |
|
|
Term
| Acute tubulointerstitial disease |
|
Definition
| characterized by ATN, papillary necrosis, and interstitial inflammation with presence of principally neutrophilic infiltrates in the interstitium and tubules |
|
|
Term
| Chronic tubulointerstitial disease |
|
Definition
| characterized by tubular atrophy, sparse mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrosis, and glomerular atrophy and sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best example of bacterial tubulointerstitial nephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tubulointerstitial disease that often accompanies a systemic disease (FIP, mycobacterium, fungal infection, parasites, hairy vetch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of both the renal pelvis and parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the renal pelvis only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilation of the renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine outflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replacement of renal parenchyma,including tubules, glomeruli, and interstitium with fibrous connective tissue; common end-point of all reparative stages of renal disease unless healed by tubular epithelial regeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end point of kidney disease with extensive loss of functional nephron units and fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of coagulative necrosis resulting from vascular occlusion (most commonly at the interlobular aa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause of primary papillary necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain drugs (eg NSAIDs) whose primary targets are medullary interstitial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ureters empty into urethra, vagina, neck of bladder, ductus deferens, prostate, or other secondary sex glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of the urachus and umbilical arteries/ veins to involute; most common malformation of the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| Urolithiasis/urinary calculi/uroliths |
|
Definition
| concretions formed in the urinary collection system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common types of urinary calculi |
|
|
