Preformed:

Histamine 

Serotonin

Lysozomal enzymes

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

Platelet-activating factors

Activated oxygen species

Nitric oxide

Cytokines

Vasodilation (very potent)

Vascular permeability

Itching

Mast Cells

Basophils

Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway 

5-Lipooxygenase (5-LO) Pathway

Prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2)

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Lipoxin A4 and B4

Leukotriene  A4, B4, C4, D4 and E4

Fever

Pain

Miosis

Prostacyclin causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.

Thromboxane does the opposite by causing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

Where is prostacyclin secreted from?

Where is thromboxane secreted from?

Prostacyclin is secreted from the endothelium

Thromboxane is secreted from platelets

Vasoconstriction

Bronchospasm

Increased Permeability

Lipoxins (A4 and B4) do the opposite of leukotrienes:

Vasodilation

inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis 

stimulate monocyte adhesion

Induces vasodilation and permeability

Stimulates synthesis of AA metabolites

Chemotaxis

-PAF is like histamine, only more potent.

Activates endothelium for the adhesion of white cells

Increases thrombogenicity

AA and Nitric Oxide production

Fever, lethergy, decreased appetite

Chemoattractant

Activates Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Aggregation and activation of neutrophils

tissue damage via release of proteolytic enzymes

fibroblast activation

fever, lethargy , decreased appetite. 

Regulates Neurostransmitter release

 and regulates blood flow

Nitric Oxide basically sets the limit for the inflammatory cascade by:

-causing vasodilation

-microbiocidal agent

antagonizing platelet activation

-decreasing leukocyte adhesion

They protect against oxidants which can damage human tissue if in too high concentration.

1.Cell Lysis  (MAC)

2. Generation of chemoattractants

3. Opsonization

4. Causes mast cell degranulation, increasing vascular permeability.

Vasodilation

-Increased vascular permeability

-bronchial constriction

-pain

:a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/exudate

What are the cells principally involved in acute inflammation?

in Chronic inflammation?

Neutrophils are principally involved in acute inflammation.

Macrophages are principally involved in chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation that is characterized by the presence of granulomas.

Granulomas are an accumulation of modified macrophages that are surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells, an attempt to wall off foreign invaders. 

Antibody antigen complexes form in the body, get in the blood stream and get trapped in a vessel wall or joint spaces. 

The immune system responds to the antibody-antigen complex by sending macrophages, they in turn either eat the complex or release proteolytic enzymes. 

This causes tissue damage, in Sjogren's tear glands are specifically affected.

TB tests demonstrate what type of hypersensitivity? 

How is it different than the other types of hypersensitivities?

Hypoxia

Physical agents

Chemical agents and drugs

Infectious agents

Immunologic reactions

Genetic derangements

Nutritional Imbalances

Atrophy is a reduction in cell size due to loss of substance.

May be the result of age, decreased blood supply, nutrition or lack of stimulation.

Hormonal (transient)

Compensatory

Adaptive

Describe Metaplasia

The replacement of one cell type with another, can be damaging if the new cell type does not fulfill the same function as the original tissue. 

"Degradative reactions occuring after premature cell death"

The normal process of cell death is not followed, resulting in leaking of cellular contents and decreased phagocytosis of deceased cells. Overall this can cause damage to other cells and cause their death. 

Apoptosis is the physiological way for cells to die, their membranes do not rupture and they get eaten by macrophages. 

Necrotic tissue refers to dead cells that have ruptured and cause inflammation

Hormones

Cytokines

Growth factors

Extracellular Matrix signals

Labile tissues are constantly dividing

Stable tissues can divide but only to a certain extent.

Permanent tissues do not proliferate

Epithelial tissues (such as on the skin, cornea and in GI)

Bone marrow cells like RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Liver, Kidneys, Pancreas, endothelial cells

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Neurons

Cardiac muscle

Symmetric refers to the production of new stem cells from stem cells.

Asymmetric occurs when a stem cell becomes a 'committed' cell that enters a differentiation pathway. 

Fat

Bone

Cartilage

Muscle

Autocrine refers to a signal that affects the cell that secreted it.

Paracrine refers to a signal that affects the cells neighbouring the cell that secreted it. 

-Intracellular matrix (in spaces between the cells)

-Basement Membrane (mesh that forms around epithelium and endothelium and smooth muscle cells)

Mechanical support

REgulates cell proliferation

Regulates cell differentiation

Scaffolding

Storage of regulatory molecules

Infection

Poor Nutrition

Poor perfusion

Mechanical pressure/torsion

Glucocorticoids

Foreign bodies