Term
|
Definition
| gruel', or 'porridge' in latin |
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|
Term
| Where does atherosclerosis occur? |
|
Definition
| in the intima layer of the BV |
|
|
Term
| What size of BV are prone to ahterosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does atherosclerosis begin to present s/sx? |
|
Definition
| typically 5th decade of life |
|
|
Term
| How is infarction different from necrosis? |
|
Definition
| necrosis occurs after the tissue is already dead |
|
|
Term
| What are non-modifiable cardiac risk factors? |
|
Definition
| age, genetic disposition, male gender |
|
|
Term
| What are modifiable cardiac risk factors? |
|
Definition
| HTN, smoking, DM, hypercholesterolemia |
|
|
Term
| What are 'obvious' risk factors for cardiac dz? |
|
Definition
| obesity, lack of exercise, trans fat and fructose intake |
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|
Term
| What are 'less obvious' risk factors for cardiac dz? |
|
Definition
| Type A personality, oral contraceptives, depression |
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|
Term
| What can increase HDL levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do cholesterols need lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| They are hydrophobic, can't dissolve in blood on their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take lipid from liver to body |
|
|
Term
| How long does LDL circulate for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take lipid from cells to liver for excretion, high levels are protective |
|
|
Term
| What does fructose do to BV endothelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does HDL drop off the lipids it carries? |
|
Definition
| liver --> bile --> excretion |
|
|
Term
| What can chronic endothelial injury lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in endothelial dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| increased permeability, leukocyte adhesion, monocyte adhesion, emigration |
|
|
Term
| What is modified monocyte also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a lipid laden macrophage look like/what are they called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does foam cell accumulation lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a fatty streak lead to? |
|
Definition
| increases shear stress -> increases endothelial damage --> LDL deposition --> Even more fat deposition |
|
|
Term
| What does the inflammatory process induced by a fatty streak cause? |
|
Definition
| enzymes and toxic substances are released by macrophages which further damage site |
|
|
Term
| During the dz process, what happens to a fatty streak? |
|
Definition
| there is an adhesion of platelets --> GF release --> smooth muscle proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What is the end stage of a fatty streak in the dz process? |
|
Definition
| fibrotic lesion or fibrous cap over a lipid core that easily lyses releasing emboli |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of the athersclerosis dz process? |
|
Definition
| decreased lumen size, calcification, atheromatous material can be sheared off and released --> emboli |
|
|
Term
| What are s/sx of early atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| claudication/weakness due to lack of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are late s/sx of early atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| PVD, angine, stroke, MI, renal dz, aneurysm, sudden death |
|
|
Term
| What are the lab tests for atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
measure fasting total serum cholesterol and HDL
evaluate C-reactive protein hs-CRP |
|
|
Term
| What are common s/sx that optometrists can look for related to artery dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should a lipid panel be run? |
|
Definition
| Every 5 years from age 20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a response to inflammation and should not be seen systemically unless there is active inflammation. This can point to atherosclerotic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable total cholesterol level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is borderline high total cholesterol level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a high total cholesterol level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a risky level of HDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable level of HDL? |
|
Definition
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