Term
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Definition
| Personal Traits by which we define ourselves in relation to other individuals |
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Definition
| Group membership by which we define ourselves in relationship to others |
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Term
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Definition
| psychologists tend to focus on ______ ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| sociologists tend to focus on ____ _____ |
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Term
| what makes sociology unique is the effort to understand how individual lives are shaped by the broader social context |
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Definition
| what makes sociology unique is the effort to understand how ____ _____ are shaped by the _____ ______ ______ |
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Term
| sociologists seek to discover patterns and draw generalizations about society and social groups |
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Definition
| sociologists seek to discover _______ and draw ________ about society and social groups |
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Term
Religious Composition of US
Protestant (Baptist, Methodist, etc) 53%
Catholic 24%
Jewish 1.7%
Other (Muslim, Buddhist, etc) 7.4%
No Religion (atheist, agnostic) 13.7% |
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Definition
Religious Composition of US
Protestant (Baptist, Methodist, etc) ____
Catholic ____
Jewish ____
Other (Muslim, Buddhist, etc) ____
No Religion (atheist, agnostic) ____ |
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Term
Hispanic 13%
African American 12%
Native American 1%
Asian 4%
"White" 70% |
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Definition
Hispanic ___
African American ___
Native American ___
Asian ____
"White" ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| what does Texas, New Mexico, Hawaii, and California all have in common?? |
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Term
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Definition
| general amount of years of education for average American? |
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Term
| 30% of all adults that have a 4 year college degree? |
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Definition
| ___% of all adults that have a 4 year college degree? |
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Term
13% of population consider poverish
24% of black people live in poverty
35% of poor ppl are children |
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Definition
__% of population consider poverish
__% of black people live in poverty
__% of poor ppl are children |
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Term
household/family income in florida/jacksonville: $55,000
20% of population > $100,000 |
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Definition
average household/family income in florida/jacksonville: $_____
__% of population > $100,000 |
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Term
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Definition
| overgeneralized statement about the traits or behaviors applies to all members of a particular group |
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Term
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Definition
| is a stereotype positive or negative? generalization? |
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Term
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Definition
| general statement about the traits of behaviors of members of a particular group |
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Term
| Income of "Asians": $53,000 to $79,000 |
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Definition
| Income of "Asians": _______ to ________ |
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Term
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Definition
set of biological distinctions that differentiates males and females
"Biological Distinctions" |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who with a congential anatomy of the reproductive and sexual system; born with "ambiguous" sex characteristics |
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Term
Intersexual Examples and Facts
XXY (Kleinfelter's Syndrome)
XYY (Super Masculine)
-may comprise 5% of all newborns, but 1:3000 chance of occuring |
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Definition
Intersexual Examples and Facts
___ (Kleinfelter's Syndrome)
___ (Super Masculine)
-may comprise _% of all newborns, but 1:_____ chance of occuring |
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Term
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Definition
set of social distinctions that differentiate men and women
"Social Distinctions" |
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Term
| The Essentialist Perspective |
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Definition
| sees gender differences rooted primarily in biology; gendered differences are fixed and immutable |
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Term
| Social Constructional Perspective |
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Definition
| Sees gender differences as roomted primarily in social arrangements |
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Term
| Cross-cultural research (Murdock collected on societies all over the world), Parental Roles in the US, and Sworn Virgins |
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Definition
| what are three examples of the flexibility of Gender Roles (historically, cross-culturally, and biographically) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to sex (or gender?) for whom one feels erotic or romantic desire |
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Term
Kinsey Scale Findings Among Men (1940s)
0: 50%
1-5: 46%
6: 4% |
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Definition
Kinsey Scale Findings Among Men (1940s)
0: __%
1-5: __%
6: _% |
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Term
Kinsey Scale
0: Exclusively heterosexual
1-5: bi-sexual; "predominantly" homo/hetero
6: Exclusively homosexual |
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Definition
Kinsey Scale
0: Exclusively _____
1-5: bi-sexual; "predominantly" homo/hetero
6: Exclusively ____ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| looking at the social cultural context in which that act takes place |
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Definition
| you cannot understand a particular sexual act without..? |
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Term
Age at First Intercourse
Today: ~17
Grandparents Generation: ~18
Parents Generation: ~17.5
By age 19, 75% of people have done it
By age 25, pretty much everyone has done it |
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Definition
Age at First Intercourse
Today: ~__
Grandparents Generation: ~__
Parents Generation: ~___
By age 19, ___% of people have done it
By age __, pretty much everyone has done it |
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Term
Number of Sexual Partners
average adult has about 5 sexual partners
25% of adults have had one partner
20% of adults have had more than 10
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Definition
Number of Sexual Partners
average adult has about _ sexual partners
__% of adults have had one partner
__% of adults have had more than 10 |
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Term
categorizing people into groups "can" be helpful
positive: doing so helps us interact with others (it makes social life as easy as possible)
negative: it can limit our ability to see a person's uniqueness (result into descrimination) |
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Definition
| Why do humans tend to categorize others, especially in terms of race, gender, age, social class, etc? What are the positive/negative aspects of this categorizing? |
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Term
male and females use differnet parts of the brain to respond to stimuli
corpus callosum: communicate well btwn left and right brain (women)
More Testoterone -> more competitive/aggressive |
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Definition
| [Essentialist Perspective] What evidence is there that gender differences are rooted in biology (brain, hormones, etc) |
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Term
| stereotypical roles of men and women |
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Definition
| What is the Bem Adrogyny Scale? What were the results of the exercise from our class? |
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Term
We mean that although there is a biological basis to many of our sexual desires and behaviors, these desires are, to a great extent, a HUMAN CREATION
it is human beings who define what is considered normal and what particular sex acts mean
broader social and historical context plays a role in shaping these definitions |
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Definition
| What does it mean for sexuality/sexual orientation to be socially constructed? |
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Term
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Definition
| About what percentage of the adult population identifies as gay/lesbian? |
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Term
| not much fluctuation at all. from 17-18 y/o |
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Definition
| How has the age at which people begin having sex change over the last 40 years or so? |
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Term
being married helps, as does education, race, and religion
race and education are strong "predictors"; religion is a slight predictor |
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Definition
| How and why is a person's "social location" related to their sexual enjoyment (especially in terms of orgasms in women) and how is it related to their sexual variety and liklihood of participating in oral sex? |
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Term
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Definition
| socially contructed label to describe percieved biological/physical characteristics |
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Term
| Race deals with (percieved) biological differences, while ethniticity deals with cultural differences |
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Definition
| Race deals with (percieved) ________ differences, while ethniticity deals with _______ differences |
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Term
humans created these categorizes and from time to time, redefine them.
Examples:
Brazil (many races) compared to US (less)
History: 0 - 5 - 10 - 6 (the amount of races thru history) |
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Definition
| What does it mean to say that race is "socially constructed"? |
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Term
over time, jews, the irish, and others "became white"
(biologically, nothing has changed)
in part, they became white by becoming middle class |
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Definition
| What is the race of a Jewish or Irish person? what does this tell us about the social construction of race? |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which racial categoizations are made |
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Term
1:40 (2.4%)
least: white women
most: Asian
a new "raceless" society
-while racial boundaries may be fading, they are not disappearing at the same pace for all groups- |
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Definition
| How many (what percent) Americans identify as "multiracial"? In which group is it that most/least common to marry outside of one's own racial/ethnic group? What is the suggestion about race in the future?? |
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Term
The US is the most unequal industrialized country in the world
-Same countries are less economically developed
-the rich are becoming richer and everyone else is becoming poorer
-jobs most people were doing have gone away, unions have lost their strength |
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Definition
| How unequal is the US in terms of wealth and income? How does the level of inequality in the US compare to other countries? |
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Term
unions have lost their strength and less jobs are available
The rich are getting richer while everyone else becomes poor
some countries have a low level of economic development |
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Definition
| How has the level of income/wealth inequality in the US changed over the last 30-40? what kinds of factors account for these trends? |
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Term
Human Capital Theories: lack of effort, motivation, planning for the future; lack of education and job skills
encourage poor to improve their work ethic, enhance education, and job skills
too many low wage and part time jobs, cannot solve poverty at social level |
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Definition
| social class inequalities in the US can be explained on the microlevel using culture of poverty and human capital theories. What are these theories? What are their strengths and weaknesses? |
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Term
the macro level shows inequality as being necessary in order to ensure progress and motivation. Micro level tries to improve these conditions
Micro-social inequality exists due to individual behaviors and abilities
Macro-social inequality exists because it is built into the social structure and is fundamental |
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Definition
| how do macro-level explanations of social inequality compare to micro-level explainations? what is their core difference? |
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Term
micro: by encouraging the poor to improve work ethic and work hard for what they have, enhance educational and job skills (TRAIN HARDER)
macro: inequality is necessary in order to ensure progress and motivation (IMPLEMENT NEW RULES) |
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Definition
| From a micro-level perspective how do you fix socioeconomic inequality? from a macro-level perspective, how do you fix socioeconomic inequality? |
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Term
Primary socialization plays a strong role, peers, media, and school
develop awareness of their own gender; attribute positive characteristics to their own sex/gender
parents are more gentle with girls and boys are allowed to be rough |
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Definition
| What kinds of lessons do children learn while growing up? What kind of "gender training" do we recieve from our parents? |
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Term
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Definition
| sociologists tend to focus on social identities |
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Term
| the cirriculum 5 boys:2 girls (story books), peer interactions, territory and space, sports |
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Definition
| What kinds of gender lessons are learned in school? Especially what differences did sadker and sadker uncover in their studies of gender in elementary school? |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to a shared cultural heritage
-includes language, religion, ancestory, history |
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Term
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Definition
| Money, wages, or payments that people recieve from occupations or investments |
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Term
Median household income:$48,000
In Florida: ~$45,000
In Jax: ~$10,000-110,000
Asian-American: ~$57,000
Hipanics: ~$34,000
African-Americans: ~$30,000 |
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Definition
Median household income:$
In Florida: ~$
In Jax: ~$
Asian-American: ~$
Hipanics: ~$
African-Americans: ~$ |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulated assets in the form of valued goods, such as savings, real estate, art, jewerly, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
- Individualistic
- Lower taxes, limited government involvement
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Term
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Definition
- Communal
- Higher taxes, greater government involvement
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Term
| Culture of Poverty (Micro) |
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Definition
People are poor because they do not value hard work, do not know how to delay gratification
Others are wealthy becuase they have a good work ethic and work hard for what they have
Solution Encouragement the poor to improve their work ethic and adopt the right values |
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Term
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Definition
People are poorer because they lack necessary educational and job skills
Others are wealthy because they possess valuable educational credentials and job skills
Solution Enhance educational and job skills |
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Term
| Davis-Moore Thesis (Macro) |
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Definition
Views inequality as a positive, functional thing
Inequality is necessary in order to ensure progress and motivation |
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Term
| Conflict Perspective (Macro) |
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Definition
| Views inequality as a negitive, expoiltative thing. And costly |
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Term
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Definition
| Life-long process by which we learn our society's culture and develop our individual and social identities (race, class, gender, etc.) |
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Term
Men outnumber women on TV and in top grossing movies 3:1
nAmong television writers, producers, and directors, men outnumber women 4:1
nMinorities comprise about 30% of the population, but only 22% of movie and television roles
nYet there are now entire TV stations devoted to various race/ethnic groups, women, “queer” audiences, etc.
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Definition
What are studies of media representation? What do we learn from these studies?
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Term
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Definition
| Part of being male or female is shaped by our biology, to a great extent. We must learn this role through socialization. |
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Term
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Definition
Way in which language devalues members of one sex (usually women)
Language is not "gender neutral" |
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Term
Studies of media framing show that "Casting" Decisions tend to reflect and reinforce existing stereotypes.
Men tend to play more diverse roles than women
nMinorities are overrepresented in comedic and criminal roles
nWorking-class men are irresponsible buffoons (Homer Simpson, King of Queens) or bigots (Archie Bunker)
nGay men are obsessed with sex and fashion (Stanford Blatch, Queer Eye)
nSome people are more likely than others to be shown as victims of crimes (others as perpetrators)
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Definition
| What are studies of media framing? what do we learn from these studies? |
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Term
Slide 13Children who are heavy viewers tend to have more stereotypical gender beliefs compared to children who are light viewers
nHeavy viewers tend to overestimate the crime rate and are more fearful, especially of minorities
nHeavy viewers tend to overestimate how wealthy most Americans are; they also spend more and save less.
Slide 12 Cultivation analysis = long-term consequences
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Definition
| Study of media effects and "cultivation analysis"? What do we learn from these studies? |
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Term
nMen and women talk differently; they have different styles and different goals
-Women use language to establish intimacy and make connections while men use language to establish status and independence
nWomen talk all the time?!?! Blah, blah, blah…
n-Yes and no
n-Men tend to interrupt more (and for different reasons?) and take up more physical space while talking
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Definition
| What can we learn about language differences between men and women from the research of Deborah Tannen? Who talks more? How do they use talk for different purposes? |
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Term
Average # of t.v. sets in U.S. homes: 2.4
Average # of hours the t.v. is on per day: 5
Average # of hours a child spends in front of a screen per day:4+
Who tends to watch more?
Age +
Lower income/less education +
Nonwhites +
Women + |
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Definition
| In general, how much television/media do Americans take in every day? How do these patterns vary by race, gender, age, etc? |
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Term
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Definition
Men outnumber women on TV and in top grossing movies
Among TV writers, producers, and directors; men outnumber
Minorities compromise 30% of the population, but only 22% of the movie and TV roles |
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Term
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Definition
| Terms where the male equivelent has a positive (powerful) connotation and the female equivelent has a negative (inferior) |
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Term
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Definition
"Casting" decisions tend to reflect and reinforce existing sterotypes
Men tend to play more diverse roles than women
Minorities ar overrepresented in comedic and criminal roles
Working-class men are irresponible baffons
Gay men are obsessed with sex and fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| Some lives of people arent worth watching |
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Term
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Definition
Heavy watchers are different in many ways - even when we control for other traits, like race, education, social class, etc.
Children who are heavy watchers tend to have more stereotypical gender beliefs compared to children who are light viewers.
Heavy viewers tend to overestimate the crime rate and are more fearful, especially of minorities |
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Term
- Average # of TV sets in US homes: 2.4
- Average # of hours the TV is on per day: 5
- Average # of hours a child spends in front of a screen per day: 4+
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Definition
- Average # of TV sets in US homes:
- Average # of hours the TV is on per day:
- Average # of hours a child spends in front of a screen per day:
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