Glycopyrrolate:

SQ Onset &

Duration Time

SQ Onset: 15 - 20 min.

Duration: 3 - 4 hours

Glycopyrrolate:

Class & MOA

Class: Synthetic Anti-colinergic

MOA: Block or inhibit release of Acetylcholine at cholinergic receptoe sites.

Glycopyrrolate:

Effects

• Decrease vagal tone, preventing bradycardia.
• Decrease secretions (eyes, oral, pharyngeal, & respiratory tracts)
• Decrease GI motility
• Dilates pupils

Glycopyrrolate:

Routes

SubQ, IM, IV

Glycopyrrolate:

Note

Has large polar molecules that do not pass through the blood- brain or placental barriers.

NOT Controlled, NOT analgesic, NO Sedation

Buprenorphine:

SQ Onset &

Duration

SQ Onset: 30-45 min.

Duration: 6-12 hours

(Slow onset, slow metabolism)

Buprenorphine:

Class &

MOA

Class: Synthetic Opiod

MOA: Partial agonist at Mu receptors

Pure agonist at Kappa receptors

Buprenorphine:

Reversal

Nalaxone is technically the reversal agent. but dosnt work so well, because Buprenorphine has higher affinity for Mu receptors than Nalaxone

Buprenorphine:

Effects

• Mild to moderate analgesia
• slight sedation if any

Buprenorphine:

Routes &

Trade Name

Routes: SQ, IM, IV, OTM (cats)

Trade Name: Buprenex

Buprenorphine:

OTM

• Buccal administraion is very well absorbed in cats due to the high (alkalinic) pH of their salivia.
• Analgesia last approx. 6 hours
• Drug shouldn't be swallowed.
• Dogs absorb 30%, not used.

Acepromazine:

SQ Onset &

Duration

SQ Onset: 15-30min.

Duration: 3-4 hours(sedation)

4-6 hours(other effects)

Acepromazine:

Class & MOA

Class: Phenothiazine sedative

MOA: Blocks post-synaptic dopamine receptors in CNS

Acepromazine:

Effects

• Sedation
• anti-emetic
• anti-arrhythmic
• anti-histamine

Acepromazine:

Adverse Effects

• Hypotention
• Hypothermia
• prolapsed nictitaing membrane
• penile prolapse: Paraphimosis (horses)
• lowers seizure threshold
• bradycardia

Acepromazine:

Sensitive/resistant

• Boxers: sensitive to hypotensive effects & may response or can potentially lead to cardiovascular collapse.
• Terriers: may have an excitment reaction
• Giant breeds, grey hounds, and sight hounds are sensitive.

Propofol:

Duration

5-8 min after bolus

 Propofol:

Trade Name

Propflo & Rapinovet

 Propofol:

Class

Unique short-acting hypnotic

Propofol:

Effects

Can cause apnea, respiration depression, and/or hypotension if not properly titrated to effect.

 Propofol:

preparation

• Drug is prepared in an emulsion w/ egg lecithin & soybean oil.

Propofol:

Note

• No preservatives
• Must be protected from light
• Discard after 24hours after vial is opened (exception is Propofol 28, lasts 28 days)

Propofol:

Routes

IV

Lidocaine:

On set & duration

• On Set: Rapid onset w/ in less than 2 min. Rapid metabolism
• Duration: 60-120 min.

Lidocaine:

Class

Local Anesthetic

Lidocaine:

MOA

Prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses in peripheral nerves.

Lidocaine:

Sx Practicum uses

• Intra-testicular block
• Splash block onto closed linea alba (OVH)
• SQ infiltration in both OVH & CAST

Lidocaine:

Off lable use

Off lable use for anti-arrhythmic properties, it numbs perkinje fibers.

Lidocaine:

combining with epinephrine

Rate of absorption is slowed and duration is prolonged when combined with epinephrine.

Lidocaine:

general circulation

78% of administed dose reaches circulation

Lidocaine:

neutralizing ratio

• Lidocaine burns due to pH
• Neutralize with Sodium Bi carbonate
• 1:10 ratio
• 1-Sodium Bi-Carb
• 9-Lidocaine

Lidocaine:

Concentrations

Supplied at 1% and 2% concentrations

Lidocaine:

Routes

• Topical
• Infiltration
• IV
• Regional (epidural)

Bupivicaine:

Onset

Slower than lidocaine.

10-20min

Bupivicaine:

duration

3-10 hours

Bupivicaine:

trade name

Marcaine

Bupivicaine:

Concentrations

Supplied at 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% concentrations.

4 times more potent than lidocaine.

Dexmedetomidine:

 Class

Alpha-2 Agonist

Dexmedetomidine:

MOA

Stimulates alpha-2 receptors in the CNS causing a decrease in the level of norepinephrine via a negitive feed back loop.

Dexmeditomidine:

Trade Name

Dex Domator

Dexmeditomidine:

Effects

• Periphial vasoconstriction, leading to: pale mm's and prolonged CRT.
• Hypertension & subsequnet bradycardia
• sedation
• muscle relaxation
• analgesia-mild
• depressed thermoregulatory mechanisms

Dexmedetomidine:

USES

• Sedation
• pre-anesthetic
• Post Sx for emergency delierium
• High doses for induction

Dexmedetomidine:

Reversal

Antipamezol "Antisedan"

5mg/ml

Dexmedetomidine:

NOTE

Twice as strong as medetomidine.

Use in heart healthy patients.

Butorphanol:

SQ Onset & Duration

SQ Onset: 15-20 min.

Duration: 60-90 min.

Butorphanol:

Trade Name

Torbugesic, torbutrol

Humans: Stadol

Butorphanol:

Class

Synthetic Opioid

Butorphanol:

MOA

• Antagonist at Mu receptors (mixed agonist/antagonist @ Mu)
• Agonist at Kappa receptors

Butorphanol:

Effects

• Mild to moderate analgesic (short term) on viceral pain.
• Slight sedation

Butorphanol:

Off-Lable Use

Anti-Tussive in dogs with kennel cough, Because it suppresses to respiratory as a side effect.

Butorphanol:

Routes

IV, IM, SQ, PO

Butorphanol:

schedule

Controlled Schedule IV (4)

Cefazolin:

Class

• Broad Spectrum
• Bacteriocidal
• Beta-lactam
• anti-biotic

Cefazolin:

name

Cephalosporin:

*1st Generation*

works on gram + bacteria

Cefazolin:

MOA

Interferes with bacterial cell wall during division causing them to "lyse" or break apart.

Cefazolin:

*FYI*

* Dosn't work if a bacteriostatic abx is used in conjunction, as they inhibit growth/division. *

Cefazolin:

Uses in Sx Practicum

• When using a catheter in a male to collect urine.
• A catheter is a foreign object and can potentially cause infection

Cefazolin:

Route

** Give IV slowly over 5 min, because you can see adverse effects (vomiting or hypotension) if given too quickly.**

Clavamox:

Class

• Penicillin* Bacteriocidal* Broad-Spectrum
• Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (potassium clavulanate)
• Beta-Lactam abx

Clavamox:

*FYI*

Packed individually in foil as it can esily absorb moisture from air due to clavulanate.

If not stored this way, the drug will quickly decompose.

Ketamine:

Class

Dissociative Agent- Cyclohexamine

Ketamine:

MOA

• N-Methyl D-Aspartete receptor antagonist.
• Blocks the NMDA pain receptors in the spinal cord (preventing spinal cord wind up) and stimulates the CNS.

Ketamine:

Uses

• Chemical restraint
• Anesthetic induction

Ketamine:

Effects

• Eyes do not close
• + CSF pressure
• + IOP
• Some stomatic analgesia
• NO visceral analgesia
• + sensitivity to lights/sounds
• + salivation
• may induce seizures

Ketamine:

By stimulating the CNS we see...

• + HR
• + BP
• Catalepsis (increased emotional response), which leads to muscle rigidity

Ketamine:

Schedule

** Controlled Schedule III**

Ketamine:

What does patient maintain

Patient maintains or has exaggerated reflex responses. (laryngeal, pharengeal, palpebral, or corneal.)

Ketamine:

Concentration

*100mg/mL*

Diazepam:

Class

Benzodiazepine, Tranquilizer

Diazepam:

Trade Name

Valium

Diazepam:

MOA

• Limbic, Thalmic, and hypothalmic levels of CNS are depressed.
• Exact mechanism of action is unknown.

Diazepam:

Effects

• Anti-anxiety/calming
• Skeletal muscle relaxation
• anit-convulsant
• appetite stimulant in cats

Diazepam:

FYI (PO in cats)

Note: In cats, diazepam given orally for several days has been linked to liver failure.

Diazepam:

Reversal

* Flumazenil *

Diazepam:

FYI

• Absorbs into plastic
• Light senstitive
• Lipophilic (not water soluble/dosn't mix well)

Diazepam:

Concentration

5mg/mL

Diazepam:

Animals not used

metabolized by the liver, therefore do not give to animals with hepatic liver failure.

Diazepam:

Routes

PO, IV, Rectal (poorly absorbed IM)

Meloxicam:

Class

NSAID

(non-steroidal anti-inflamitory drug)

Meloxicam:

MOA

Inhibits Cox-2 from producing "bad" prostoglandins.

Minimal impact on Cox-1

*AKA: Cox-2 Preferrential or Cox-2 Selective*

Meloxicam:

Effects

• GI ulcerations are still possible, but occur occasionally, and are transient.
• Nephortoxicity

Meloxicam:

How often it's administerd?

Every 24 hours

Meloxicam:

Doses

Loading dose is twice the volume of the maintenance dose.

Meloxicam:

Trade names

veterinary: Metacam

humans: Mobic