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Swine Lecture 1 *
lecture 1
31
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
12/01/2014

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Cards

Term
Why is the worldwide consumption of pork growing so rapidly?
Definition
increase in population
growing economies of developing countries
Term
What country is the #1 exporter of live swine?
Definition
canada
Term
Aside from food, what are pigs also used for?
Definition
models for human medical research
sources for human organ transplant
pets
Term
What are the major phases of production?
Definition
Breeding
Gestation
Farrowing
Nursery
Finishing
Term
At what age are piglets weaned?
Definition
14-28 days
Term
How does a farrowing crate work?
Definition
-slows down the descent of the sow
-reduces death due to crushing
Term
What is continuous flow?
Definition
new pigs are constantly arriving in a room/barn, so it is never fully empty
Term
At what age & weight do pigs enter the nursery? Low long do they stay there? What age & weight are they when they leave?
Definition
Arrival: 3wks, 5kg
Duration: 10wks
Move out: 10wks, 25kg
Term
How low long do pigs remain in the finishing barn? What weight & age are they when they leave?
Definition
Duration: 100-120 days
Weight: 110kg (market weight)
Age: 6 months old
Term
Describe the general flow of pigs from barn to barn
Definition
Breeding
Gestation
Farrowing
Nursery
Finishing

*sows will cycle between breeding, gestation & farrowing
Term
What is biosecurity?
Definition
steps taken to prevent entry of disease agents into the farm
Term
What are the most common source of disease?

What can be done to reduce the risk? (6)
Definition
new pigs arriving in a herd

-buy from 1 source with known health status
-buy from herd with good biosecurity
-quarantine new pigs for at least 60 days, -test new pigs for disease, vaccinate, expose to sentinel pigs
-reduce # of pigs brought into herd (reduce culls)
-build new barns 3km away from other herds
Term
How can movement of people on a farm be manageed?
Definition
signage for access zones

Controlled Access Zone
-includes farm yard, buildings, driveway
-limited access

Restricted Access Zone
-where pigs are housed
-defined entry protocol
Term
What can be done to ensure people entering barns don't bring diseases?
Definition
-restrict access with signs, lock doors
-wash hands or shower
-change into barn boots & coveralls
Term
What can be done to ensure vehicles entering the property don't bring diseases?
Definition
-ensure trucks that go to other farms are cleaned before returning in truck wash bays
-CAZ (don't allow vehicles near barn)
-have dead-stock pick up at end of lane
Term
What are the key aspects of biosecurity? (5)
Definition
-new pigs
-people
-vehicles
-access zones
-other animals
Term
Why, in general is biosecurity important? (4)
Definition
Diseases causes mortality & morbidity, reduces welfare, increases economic loss

Trade

Risk of FADs & emerging diseases

Industry interest in mortality insurance programs (need biosecurity to get coverage)
Term
What are emerging diseases?
Definition
new strains of existing diseases, or diseases that haven't been on the farm/region/country before
Term
Why is biosecurity especially important in pigs? (5)
Definition
Industry structure
-multi site systems, lots of transport

Large populations of pigs in 1 airspace

Pigs go to market at 6 months, still naive & susceptible to diseases

Production Limiting Diseases
-PRRS, circovirus

Emerging Diseases
-PRRS, circovirus, swine dysentry
Term
What are the fixed costs of production? Variable?
Definition
barn
labour
utilities
equipment


feed costs - fluctuates with price of grain & number of pigs
Term
Why does the price of a market pig fluctuate?
Definition
Supply & Demand
-export markets
-contracts

USD/CAD exchange rate
Term
ID this pig:

Red
Large frame
Droopy ears
Meat
Definition
Duroc
Term
ID this pig:

Erect ears
black body & white band
Meat growers

Why is it not as desireable?
Definition
Hampshire

-black hairs are hard to remove, consumers don't want that in their product
Term
Why are Duroc, Hampshire & Yorkshire used as meat pigs?
Definition
good meat quality
good feed conversion
good growth rate
Term
ID this pig

large litter size
good milk production
rapid growth rate
mothering instinct
Definition
Landrace
Term
What breed of pig is primarily used for milking
Definition
landrace
Term
ID this pig

white
erect ears
high meat yield
Definition
Yorkshire
Term
Describe the breeding phase of production
Definition
-sows in individual stalls or group pens until confirmed regnant
-boars in individual stalls or pens
-AI or natural 1 boar:20 sows
-115 day gestation
Term
How long is the gestation period in pigs?
Definition
115 days
(3 days, 3 weeks & 3 months)
Term
How are pigs marketed? (3 points)
Definition
-through marketing boards (but not mandatory)
-bonus for lean, well muscled pigs
-105-115kg live weight
Term
How many hogs are marketed per year in Ontario?
Definition
5 million
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