Term
| US law that officially defines sustainable ag |
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Definition
-1990 "Farm Bill"
-Public Law 101-624, Title XVI, Subtitle A, Section 1603 |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 1st half |
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Definition
| An integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will over the long-term: |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 2nd half, part 1 |
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Definition
| Satisfy human food and fiber needs. |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 2nd half, part 2 |
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Definition
| Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agriculture economy depends. |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 2nd half, part 3 |
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Definition
| Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls. |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 2nd half, part 4 |
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Definition
| Sustain the economic viability of farm operations. |
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Term
| legal USA definition of sustainable ag, 2nd half, part 5 |
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Definition
| Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole. |
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Term
| definition of sustainability according to the report's authoring committee |
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Definition
| progress towards...
(1) producing enough to satisfy human needs;
(2) enhancing environmental quality and protecting the natural resource base;
(3) being profitable; and
(4) increasing the quality of life for farmers, farm workers, and society as a whole. |
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Term
| 1st factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
Robust systems that will adapt, evolve, and continue to function in the face of stresses and fluctuating conditions,
robust and resilient |
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Term
| 2nd factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
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Term
| 3rd factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
| Use resources efficiently, |
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Term
| 4th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
| Balance the four goals within enterprises or farms across and at all scales |
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Term
| 5th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
It is about assessing whether choices of farming practices and systems would lead to a more or less sustainable system as measured by the four goals
effect of choices towards the 4 goals |
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Term
| 6th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
| Identification of key metrics and indicators that can measure progress toward goals |
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Term
| 7th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
Monitoring and Collecting those metrics
measuring |
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Term
| 8th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
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Term
| 9th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
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Term
| 10th factor towards sustainable ag according to NRC |
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Definition
| Positive dedicated people |
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Term
| Creating a sustainable agricultural development path means improving ______, ensuring ______ and generating ______. |
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Definition
the quality of life in rural areas
enough food for present and future generations
sufficient income for farmers |
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Term
| The thoughtful management of agro-ecosystems should be part of both a ______ and a ______. |
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Definition
rational production system
worldwide plan for biodiversity conservation |
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Term
| the 3 areas of Nature's Matrix's argument |
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Definition
1: the nature of biodiversity itself;
2: how we have arrived at our current state of agro-ecosystem management; and
3: the current way that humans relate to tropical landscapes. |
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Term
| From the biodiversity conservation point of view, this is perhaps the critical issue. |
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Definition
| the quality of the matrix |
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Term
| "The quality of the matrix," at its core, involves... |
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Definition
| the management of agricultural ecosystems |
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Term
| According to analysts, these 3 goals and other similar goals are at least equally as important as maximizing production. |
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Definition
| environmental sustainability, social cohesion, and cultural survival |
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Term
| What does Nature's Matrix claim is needed? |
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Definition
| a production system that will preserve biodiversity and be based, to whatever extent possible, on the functioning of the natural local system |
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Term
| the 3 parts of Nature's Matrix (simplified) |
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Definition
1: extinction vs. migration in the fragmented landscapes
2: Is the matrix biodiversity friendly?
3: movement towards more ecologically sound ag |
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Term
| incremental approach to sustainability |
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Definition
| expansion and enhancement of several current efforts to improve sustainability performance regardless of size or farming system type |
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Term
| how the incremental approach is carried out |
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Definition
through development and implementation of specific sustainability practices
this is the focus of ongoing research |
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Term
| transformative approach to sustainability |
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Definition
| major improvement in sustainability performance by approaching 21st century agriculture from a systems perspective that considers a multiplicity of interacting factors |
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Term
| how the transformative approach to sustainability is carried out |
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Definition
| Multiple research areas are brought together to design farming systems that balance the competing demands. |
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Term
| some Incremental Approaches for Improving Sustainability |
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Definition
1)Conservation tillage systems
2)Cover cropping
3)Crop diversity or rotation or intercropping or using different genetic varieties
4)Traditional plant breeding and modern genetic engineering (GE) techniques
5)Efficient water use and reuse
6)A Best management practice
7)Soil and plant tissue tests or nutrient or management plans, or precision agriculture technologies
8)Use of manure, compost, and green manure
9)Genetic improvement of livestock
10)Integrated pest management |
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Term
| some High-Priority Research for sustainability |
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Definition
1: Productivity and Environmental Research
2: Socioeconomic Research
3: Policy Research |
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Term
| factors of the transformative approach to improving sustainability |
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Definition
1) Developing interactive efforts between disciplinary experts and civil society to construct a collective and integrated vision for a future of US AG that balance the 4 goals
2) Encouraging and accelerating the development of new markets and legal frameworks that embody and pursue the collective vision of the sustainable future
3) Pursuing research and extension that integrate multiple disciplines relevant to all four goals of agriculture sustainability
4) Identifying and researching the potential new forms of production systems that represent a dramatic departure from the dominant systems of present day US AG
5) Identifying and researching system characteristics that increase resilience and adaptability in the face of changing conditions |
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Term
| transformative approaches to improving sustainability |
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Definition
1: Business and Marketing strategies
2: Practices for improving community Well-being |
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Term
| Business and Marketing strategies to improving sustainability |
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Definition
1) Diversification of farm enterprises
2) Sales to niche markets or direct sales |
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Term
| Practices for improving community Well-being that improve sustainability |
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Definition
3) Diverse farm systems, diversified landscapes that include non-crop vegetation
4) Community supported agriculture
5) Farm-to-school programs, and agritourism
6) Integrated pest management |
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Term
| According to FAO, sustainable development is... |
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Definition
| “the management and conservation of the natural resource base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such sustainable development (in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors) conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable”. |
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Term
| Social sustainability needs to consider... |
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Definition
Gender
Race/ethnicity
Class & privilege |
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Term
| essential question for social sustainability |
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Definition
| What are the current gaps in the social sustainability of agriculture? |
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Term
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Definition
Food & work that is:
Safe
Healthy
Equitable
Connected |
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Term
| issues of safety in socially sustainable ag |
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Definition
-food safety
-worker safety |
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Term
| challenges of sustainability |
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Definition
-development of national and international policies
-climate change certainties and uncertainties
-energy security
-sustainable forms of land use
-efficient ag production
-lack of info flow between scientists, practitioners, and policy makers
-working together
-multiple goals...no priority
-time to accomplish the added work
-added work |
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Term
| What amplifies the problem of food insecurity and malnutrition? |
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Definition
-increased purchasing power and dietary shifts in parts of the globe
-barriers to food access and distribution, particularly in the poorest regions |
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Term
| Research soulhd be directed at ______ and be ______, enabling public science and policy institutions to become ______ rather than ______. |
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Definition
issues that influence current and future policy frameworks
relevant to the needs and issues in different parts of the world
proactive
reactive |
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Term
| horizon-scanning approach |
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Definition
-overall term for analyzing the future: considering how emerging trends and developments might potentially affect current policy and practice
-makes policy more resistant to future uncertainty |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the social and political environment that shapes social structure and enables norms to develop |
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Term
| the world's leading driver of climate change |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during the year |
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Term
| how economic well-being of farms is measured |
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Definition
| ERS compiles several measures of the economic well-being of farm households using data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) |
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Term
| The economic well-being of farm-operator households is determined by... |
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Definition
| a combination of on-farm and off-farm activities |
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Term
| ARMS-based indicators of economic well-being center on... |
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Definition
| the households of principal operators of family farms |
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Term
| Is the well-being of farm-operator households equivalent to the financial performance of the associated farm business or farm sector generally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Key indicators of economic well-being |
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Definition
-income
-wealth
-health insurance |
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Term
| on-farm sources of income |
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Definition
| income from the farm business |
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Term
| off-farm sources of income |
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Definition
| including wage income, nonfarm business earnings, dividends, and transfers |
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Term
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Definition
| net worth of a farm household is the sum of all farm and nonfarm assets, less farm and nonfarm debt |
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Term
| current definition of a family farm, since 2005, based on the Agricultural Resource Management Survey |
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Definition
| the majority of the business is owned by the operator and individuals related to the operator by blood, marriage, or adoption, including relatives that do not live in the operator household |
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Term
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Definition
-land and buildings
-farm equipment
-financial assets
-other farm assets |
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Term
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Definition
-real estate debt
-non-real estate debt
-short-term debt
-long-term debt |
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Term
| nonfarm assets include... |
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Definition
-cash
-checking
-CD's
-money market accounts
-IRA 401k Keogh and other retirement accounts
-corporate stock
-mutual funds
-cash value of life insurance
-other nonfarm assets |
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Term
|
Definition
-credit cards
-car payments
-nonfarm business and real estate debt |
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Term
| challenges to landscape level research |
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Definition
-sparse scientific data
-underdevelopment of public policy tools
-variability in ag landscape
-variability in local conditions |
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Term
| farming systems likely to offer the greatest potential |
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Definition
| those that make use of locally available resources and natural biophysical processes |
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Term
| examples of promising technologies |
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Definition
-soil organic matter management
-reduced tillage
-integration of crops and livestock
-water harvesting
-stress resistant crop varieties |
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Term
| drivers that shape the decision to use a particular farming practice |
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Definition
-market forces
-public policies
-advances in knowledge
-farm operator's individual goals and resources |
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Term
| what converting land from tilled row cropping to sod or kudzu does to the soil organic matter |
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Definition
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Term
| what converting land from native forests to tilled row cropping does to soil organic matter |
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Definition
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Term
| what microbial and fungal byproducts do to the particles in soil |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1: profitable
2: environmentally friendly
3: quality of life for farmer and community |
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Term
| how the top 100 questions were selected |
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Definition
selected by
policy makers and practitioners and the target audience was the academic community |
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Term
| target audience of the top 100 questions |
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Definition
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Term
| objective of the top 100 questions article |
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Definition
| to compile a list of the top 100 questions that, if addressed, would have a significant impact on global agricultural practices worldwide, while improving the synergy between agricultural policy, practice and research |
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Term
| criteria the top 100 questions had to fulfill |
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Definition
(i) they had to be answerable and capable of a realistic research design;
(ii) they had to be capable of a factual answer and not dependent on value judgments;
(iii) they had to be questions that have not already been answered;
(iv) questions on impact and interventions should have a subject, an intervention and a measurable outcome;
(v) questions for which yes or no are likely answers were unsuitable; and
(vi) questions should be of the scale that in theory a team might have a reasonable attempt at answering. |
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Term
| How many questions were submitted before narrowing it down to 100? |
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Definition
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Term
| themes and expert groups relating to ag priorities |
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Definition
(a) climate, watersheds, water resources and aquatic ecosystems;
(b) soil nutrition, erosion and use of fertilizer;
(c) biodiversity, ecosystem services and conservation;
(d) energy, climate change and resilience;
(e) crop production systems and technologies;
(f) crop genetic improvement;
(g) pest and disease management;
(h) livestock;
(i) social capital, gender and extension;
(j) development and livelihoods;
(k) governance, economic investment, power and policy making;
(l) food supply chains;
(m) prices, markets and trade;
(n) consumption patterns and health. |
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Term
| 4 main sections of the results section in the top 100 questions article |
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Definition
Natural resource inputs
Agronomic practices
Agricultural development
Markets and consumption |
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Term
| Which categories of food are we eating too much of? |
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Definition
whole grains, fish, and red meat
red meat's the outlier |
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Term
| Which food categories are we eating too little of? |
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Definition
-veggies
-nuts and seeds
-fruit
-milk |
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Term
| FAO predicts ______ increase in livestock demand by 2050. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to FAO, how can the livestock sector potentially curb GHG emissions by 30%? |
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Definition
| thru better practices and technology |
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Term
| To protect the soil, make sure there's a ______ on it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is frozen Johnson Grass toxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| big corporations and even some jobs are moving towards... |
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Definition
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Term
| Many scientists have gone organic because... |
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Definition
| a cheap source of nutrients has left |
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Term
| Many corporations are using ______ to make more money. |
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Definition
| the sustainability movement |
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Term
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Definition
| taking a bunch of measures and tweaking them |
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Term
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Definition
| knowing what you need where |
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Term
| biggest part of food systems production |
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Definition
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Term
| Walmart started doing sustainability because... |
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Definition
| they were losing social capital |
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Term
| ______ of farms are smaller than 2 hectares. |
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Definition
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Term
| Putting on buffers is a great solution to... |
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Definition
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Term
| If you leave the soil uncovered,... |
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Definition
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Term
| Removing the cover on the ground creates... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| risk and production scale |
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Term
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Definition
-exposure to hazards on the job
-life experiences
-exploitation |
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Term
| reasons for (im)migration |
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Definition
Violence
Political and social instability
Poverty |
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Term
| issues of health in socially sustainable ag |
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Definition
Protection from workplace hazards
Access to healthcare
Food security |
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Term
| What can limit access to healthcare? |
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Definition
Poverty
Time & Transportation
Immigration status |
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Term
| issues of equity in social sustainabiiity |
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Definition
Access
Privilege
Agency & Opportunity |
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Term
| factors of access pertaining to equity |
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Definition
Food security
Natural resources |
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Term
| factors of agency and opportunity pertaining to socially sustainable ag |
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Definition
Education & advancement
Political voice & participation
Food sovereignty |
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Term
| relationship with other pillars of social sustainability |
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Definition
-synergies
-tensions and trade-offs |
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Term
| tensions and trade-offs among the pillars of social sustainability |
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Definition
Which pillars are privileged?
Often overlook the needs of the least powerful |
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Term
| Strategies for expanding social sustainability require ______ and must be ______. |
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Definition
deliberate & ongoing attention to social justice
addressed at all scales |
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Term
| Why is crop rotation important? |
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Definition
| it's key to make conservation tillage work- allows carbon to sequester |
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Term
| Mustard family crops release ______, which deters ______. |
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Definition
glucosinate
parasitic nematodes |
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Term
| extensions relevant to sustainability |
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Definition
-forage team
-sustainable and organic management team
-Integrated Pest Management |
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Term
| Key indicators of economic well-being |
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Definition
-income
-wealth
-health insurance |
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Term
| A transformative approach to improving sustainable ag is more than... |
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Definition
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Term
| What affects the measures of the values of sustainability? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sustainability comes from... |
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Definition
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Term
| Global ag is under pressure to ensure ______ in ways that are ______. |
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Definition
food and energy security
environmentally and socially sustainable |
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Term
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Definition
| enabling public science and policy institutions to become proactive rather than reactive |
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Term
| some factors of social sustainability |
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Definition
-cultural development
-human health and safety
-equity
-labor rights
-fair trading practices
-decent livelihood |
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Term
| some factors of economic sustainability |
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Definition
-investment
-vulnerability
-product quality and info
-local economy |
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Term
| some environmental factors of sustainability |
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Definition
-atmosphere
-water
-land
-materials and energy
-biodiversity
-animal welfare |
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Term
| some governance factors of sustainability |
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Definition
-holistic management
-rule of law
-participation
-accountability
-corporate ethics |
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Term
|
Definition
1: governance
2: development goals
3: food wastage
4: sustainability assesments |
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Term
|
Definition
1: people
2: smallholders
3: urbanites
4: youth |
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Term
|
Definition
1: economy
2: local procurement
3: payments for ecosystem services
4: greening the economy |
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Term
|
Definition
1: nature
2: livestock
3: mountains
4: bioenergy |
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Term
| some info about social sustainability |
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Definition
-regards standard of living, education, community, equal opportunity
-this includes the farmer |
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Term
| some info about environmental sustainability |
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Definition
| regards natural resource use, environmental management, pollution prevention (air, water, land, waste) |
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Term
| some info about economic sustainability |
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Definition
| regards profit, cost savings, economic growth, and research & development |
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Term
| some info about social-environmental sustainability |
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Definition
| regards environmental justice, natural resources stewardship, locally and globally |
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Term
| some info about economic-social sustainability |
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Definition
| regards business ethics, fair trade, and worker's rights |
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Term
| some info about environmental-economic sustainability |
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Definition
| regards energy efficiency and subsidies/incentives for use of natural resources |
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Term
|
Definition
1: social
2: environment
3: economic |
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Term
|
Definition
1: bearable
2: equitable
3: viable |
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Term
| ways for sustainable ag to be profitable |
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Definition
-over long term
-maximizes farmer/rancher control
-standard of living |
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Term
| ways for sustainable ag to be better at environmental stewardship |
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Definition
Builds soil carbon
Balances nutrient inputs and outputs
Produces clean water
Maximizes water conservation
Minimizes use of fossil fuel
Minimizes use of toxic substances
Encourages biodiversity
Minimizes air pollution
Minimizes solid waste generation |
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Term
| how sustainable ag can improve quality of life |
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Definition
Allows time for family hobbies, and/or community participation
Provides safe, nutritious food, fiber, and/or biomass
Treats farm workers ethically
Treats animals humanely
Increases surrounding community economic and civic well-being
Contributes to scenic beauty
Contributes to farming/ranching being seen as respected professions |
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Term
| The key to sustainable ag is ______. However, you have to recognize ______. There are no ______! |
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Definition
evidence based, regenerative agriculture
trade-offs
silver bullets |
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Term
| why soil carbon is critical to soil productivity |
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Definition
Improved soil structure
Increased infiltration
Decreased erosion
Increased water holding capacity
Increased nutrient holding capacity
Source of nutrients
Energy source for soil organisms
Increased disease resistance for crops
improved water quality and quantity |
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Term
| What do plugged pores do to soil? |
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Definition
| decrease water and oxygen exchange |
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Term
| Increased infiltration leads to... |
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Definition
| increased ground water recharge and stream flow |
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Term
| Nutrient holding capacity increases when ______ increases. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hutrient holding capacity is an issue of... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how soil can be an energy source for microbes |
|
Definition
Nitrogen fixation
Plant growth promoters
Release nutrients in soil organic matter
Disease suppression |
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Term
| organisms that fix nitrogen in soil |
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Definition
| Rhizobium with legumes
Freeliving nitrogen fixers -Burholderia sp. |
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Term
| things in soil that can suppress disease |
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Definition
Biopesticides and competition
Induced systemic resistance |
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Term
| farming systems that increase soil carbon |
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Definition
-Management Intensive Grazing
-Heavy Residue Conservation Tillage Systems
-Organic Production |
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|
Term
| heavy residue conservation tillage systems |
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Definition
Reduce tillage
Use cover crops
Use crop rotations |
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Term
| conservation tillage systems |
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Definition
-Fall drilling of cover crop
-Kill cover crop with herbicides, rollers, or natural senescence
-Direct seed into cover |
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Term
| benefits of conservation tillage |
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Definition
•Increased soil carbon
•Improved long-term productivity
•Improved soil tilth
•Decreased erosion
•Improved water quality
•Increased biodiversity
•Less fuel use
•Reduced time in the field |
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Term
| challenges to conservation tillage |
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Definition
•Reliance on herbicides
•Increased management i.e. timeliness
•Spreads risk over several years, but may not maximize yields in any given year
•Cover crop needs to be planted during harvest
•In current system, most farmers lease land |
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Term
| management intensive grazing |
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Definition
Systems where animals graze only a small portion of the pasture (an individual paddock) while other paddocks are rested and allowed to recover.
•NZ style low input system
•Cows moved every day
•About 4 lbs/concentrate
•Minimal time in barn
•Irrigation of forage and mist to cool cows |
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Term
| benefits of management intensive grazing |
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Definition
Can increase the yield of animal products/acre and net profit/farm
•Daily intake of forage and supplemental feed is more efficiently rationed
•Pasture plants are allowed to recover and are more persistent
•Pasture yield is increased
•Cost of machinery, fuel, and facilities are reduced
•Animal waste more uniformly distributed, improving soil quality and fertility
•Soil organic matter increases |
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Term
| challenges to management intensive grazing |
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Definition
•Management intensity
•Forage availability
+Droughts and other weather
•Reduced rolling herd milk average
•More “extensive” production practice |
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Term
| organic production systems |
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Definition
•Works with ecological principles and natural cycles
•Stresses building soil fertility as fundamental
•Has to draw on many linked management tools (many little hammers) |
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Term
| some "little hammers" used in organic production systems |
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Definition
-organic amendments
-cover crops
-biocontrol
-rotation |
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Term
| Organic amendments do this. |
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Definition
| improves soil tilth, water holding capacity, etc. so reduces plant stress |
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Term
|
Definition
•Building the soil
•Managing diseases and pests
•Crop rotation
•Cover crops
•Organic fertilizers –composts and manures |
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|
Term
| benefits of organic production systems |
|
Definition
•Builds soil organic matter
•Increased biodiversity
•Correctly done can reduce environmental impacts
•Less exposure of farmworkers to pesticides |
|
|
Term
| challenges to organic production systems |
|
Definition
•Reliance on tillage for weed control
•Very management and labor intensive
•Can have increased loss of crops
•More “extensive” land use?? |
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Term
| Ag production systems should be evaluated in terms of... |
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Definition
-all 3 spheres of sustainability
-evidence based approach |
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Term
| Instead of ______ productivity, we need to ______ productivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to optimize productivity |
|
Definition
Rural development
Environmental services
Social justice
Food consumption outcomes
No significant increases in food prices |
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|
Term
| With conservation tillage and organic ag, you at first... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small farms produce ______ of world's food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agroecology tries to mimic... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first country to have a national agroecology policy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aquaculture with fish and ducks produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it releases carbon into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| Movement and trampling does this to soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dying grass must decay... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use this to mimic herds and predators to mimic nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use ______ to mimic nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Access to affordable, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food |
|
|
Term
| What can affect food security? |
|
Definition
| war & political instability |
|
|
Term
| factors of privilege pertaining to equity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of connectedness in social systainability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connection to the land, to a particular place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connection to people
Social capital
Tradition
Participation |
|
|
Term
| synergies with other pillars of social sustainability |
|
Definition
“Triple Bottom Line”
Win-Win-Win |
|
|
Term
| a production that needs to be doubled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of producing food and fiber we need without destroying the ecosystems we depend on |
|
|
Term
| To protect the soil, make sure there's a ______ on it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The well-being of farm-operator households is determined by... |
|
Definition
| a combination of onfarm and off-farm activities. |
|
|
Term
| transformative vs. incremental in terms of direction |
|
Definition
| transformative not as clear and pointed as incremental |
|
|
Term
| the 3 pillars of sustainability |
|
Definition
-social
-environmental
-economy |
|
|
Term
| Social sustainability is concerned with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Environmental sustainability is concerned with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| economic sustainability is concerned with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What often exacerbates difficulties in ag research policy? |
|
Definition
| the complexity, and often lack, of info flow between scientists, practitioners, and policy makers |
|
|
Term
| the challenges facing agriculture |
|
Definition
-feeding the world
-increased demand and input costs
-climate variability |
|
|
Term
| effect of conventional tillage and/or no cover crop |
|
Definition
| decreased infiltration/increased erosion |
|
|
Term
| effect of conservation tillage with cover crop |
|
Definition
| increased infiltration/decreased erosion |
|
|
Term
| Infiltration and erosion are issues of... |
|
Definition
| water quality and quantity |
|
|
Term
| Plant growth promoters in soil |
|
Definition
| Fungi that promote plant growth hormones |
|
|
Term
| At the heart of the goal to meet the demands is... |
|
Definition
| the idea of sustainability in agriculture |
|
|
Term
| As the probability of failure ______, the likelihood of sustainability ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainable ag has to have some ______ plans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should you just monitor productivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To be concerned with biodiversity in general, we have to be concerned with... |
|
Definition
| what's happening in the tropics |
|
|
Term
| What stops the extinction of a metapopulation? |
|
Definition
| the migration of individuals from one cluster to another |
|
|
Term
| example of a body plan that no longer exists |
|
Definition
| trilobites (segments along the body from front to back and 3 longitudinal lobes from side to side) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
so many plankton occupying the same niche
disproved classical biodiversity theory |
|
|
Term
| After WW2, farmers went from being stewards of the farm to using lots of pesticides. How? |
|
Definition
| After ww2, pesticide manufacturers faced underconsumption. Media used "war metaphor" to attract farmers. |
|
|
Term
| highest demand and least supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does biofuel do to the soil? |
|
Definition
| takes carbon away from it |
|
|
Term
| relationship of today's ag to soil |
|
Definition
| bears little heed to soil |
|
|
Term
| one of the 1992 Earth Summit's major outcomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainability touches ______ in ______ of ______. |
|
Definition
everyone
all parts
our existence |
|
|
Term
| What law defines sustainable ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainable ag is basically... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Measures of sustainability are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ and ______ accordingly to remain sustainable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 3 tiers of sustainability |
|
Definition
-social
-environmental
-economic |
|
|
Term
| the most important part of sustainability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainability really depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In simplest form, sustainability is binary, e.g.,... |
|
Definition
| it either survives or doesn't survive |
|
|
Term
| According to the naysayers, sustainability is... |
|
Definition
| an illusion, unattainable, and counterproductive |
|
|
Term
| One of the best ways to be resilient is to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The National Research Council identified ______ factors necessary to make progress towards sustainability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the most part, the terrestrial surface of the tropics looks like... |
|
Definition
patchwork of forest fragments in a matrix of ag
few exceptions, mainly Amazon and Congo basins |
|
|
Term
| the 2 cultures of ag science |
|
Definition
| that of the agronomist (and other classical disciplines such as hort, entomology, etc.) and that of the ecologist (or agro-ecologist) |
|
|
Term
| Could organic agriculture feed the world? |
|
Definition
yes
can also be more efficient |
|
|
Term
| the source of all nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how something is grown has an impact on... |
|
Definition
| all society and some biology |
|
|
Term
| where to put organic fertilizers |
|
Definition
| right where they're needed |
|
|
Term
| transition movement tries to... |
|
Definition
| catalyze people to change |
|
|
Term
| In the old days, where did most of the ag input come from? |
|
Definition
it was local
now, it's the other way around |
|
|
Term
| how to bring people to locally produced ag |
|
Definition
| bring to light the benefits of it |
|
|
Term
| Whi is Sub-Saharan Africa of such importance? |
|
Definition
| has the highest overall % of the population living in poverty |
|
|
Term
| The sustainability of a system is a measure of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainable farm systems must be this in terms of relationship with environment in order to strive towards the 4 goals. |
|
Definition
-resilient
-must also be flexible enough to adapt to natural and economic stresses |
|
|
Term
| The vast majority of conservation work concentrates on ______ and ignores ______. |
|
Definition
the fragments of natural vegetation that remain
the matrix of ag in which they exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller clusters of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of subpopulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
traditional way of designing an agro-ecosystem by reference to ecological structures that exist in surrounding vegetation
mimicing nature |
|
|
Term
| Something that can help or hurt your farm's resilience |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking risks and doing things no one's done before |
|
|
Term
| Move towards this type of economy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are we losing that we need for a localized food economy? |
|
Definition
| the skills we need for it |
|
|
Term
| Accordingto National Research Council, what does U.S. ag have to do to meet long term needs? |
|
Definition
| sustainably accelerate progress towards the 4 sustainability goals |
|
|
Term
| types of science essential for understanding ag sustainability |
|
Definition
biophysical and social
generates knowledge and expands the range of alternatives |
|
|
Term
| National Research Council recommended these 2 approaches to ensure continuous improvement in sustainability performance of US ag |
|
Definition
| incremental and transformative |
|
|
Term
| When did the ecological, economic, and social principles of sustainable development receive universal agreement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social sustainability...for whom? |
|
Definition
-farmers
-farm workers
-consumers |
|
|
Term
| What do all the rural political movements have in common? |
|
Definition
| the goal of food sovereingty |
|
|
Term
| the 4 major divisions of Earth's biodiversity history |
|
Definition
| Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic (old life; age of trilobites), Mesozoic (middle life; age of dinosaurs), and Cenezoic (new life; age of mammals, birds, flowering plants, and insects) |
|
|
Term
| When did life first appear on Earth? |
|
Definition
| about 3.5 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
| immigration (in terms of island) |
|
Definition
| species arriving to an island |
|
|
Term
| extinction (in terms of island) |
|
Definition
| species leaving an island |
|
|
Term
| equilibrium number of species |
|
Definition
| when extinction and immigration are the same |
|
|
Term
| Many people think of this as the defining feature of habitat loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classical theory of biodiversity |
|
Definition
there can be no more species than available niches
"principle of competitive exclusion" |
|
|
Term
| island biodiversity theorem |
|
Definition
p=1-(e/m)
p=biodiversity on that island
e= extinction rate
m=migration rate |
|
|
Term
| the goal of conservation at its most elementary level |
|
Definition
| to make sure the rate of migration stays above the rate of extinction |
|
|
Term
| Public Law ______, Title ______, Subtitle ______, Section ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 things the National Research Council added to their definition of sustainable ag in 2010 |
|
Definition
1. That no one should go hungry
and
To be Sustainable we must also be
2. Adaptable, Flexible, Resilient |
|
|
Term
| some things ag production provides |
|
Definition
| income, employment and food at affordable prices as well as raw material for the processing industry and foreign exchange from exports |
|
|
Term
| the debate being addressed by Nature's Matrix |
|
Definition
| minimizing area used for ag vs. agro-ecosystems being important components of the natural world, intricate to biodiversity conservation |
|
|
Term
| the position taken by Nature's Matrix |
|
Definition
| Agro-ecosystems are important components of the natural world, intricate to biodiversity conservation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous year's crop residue (such as corn stalks and wheat stubble) on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff |
|
|
Term
| competing demands in sustainable ag |
|
Definition
| profit, environment, social, and feeding people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meeting local/global needs in the present while protecting resource availability and well-being into the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Population growth
Global climate change
Development demands
How to maximize agricultural productivity while also ensuring environmental, economic, and social sustainability? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus on human & social needs, rights, well-being |
|
|
Term
| Why care about social sustainability? |
|
Definition
“it is only when people’s basic needs are met that they can begin to actively address bio-physical environmental concerns”
people can't address other concerns until their basic needs are met |
|
|
Term
| What's the population forecasted to be in 2050? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do low oxygen zones occur around river discharges at ocean? |
|
Definition
| midwest corn production nitrogen runoff |
|
|
Term
| how intense rainstorms can lead to poor water quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors of sustainable ag |
|
Definition
| mix of profits, quality of life for farmer and community, and environmental health |
|
|
Term
| We lose ______ when we convert land to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| website on how to grow organically in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| certificate program relevant to sustainability |
|
Definition
| Journeyman Farmer Certificate Program |
|
|
Term
| Why is frozen Johnson grass dangerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It's estimated that ______ more food will have to be produced to feed the projected 9 billion of 2050. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ag and food systems account for ______ of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than twice that of the transport sector. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did cotton farming do to the soil in the Piedmont? |
|
Definition
| topsoil got lost and deposited in creeks |
|
|
Term
| What can hold soil particles together such that they form aggregates? |
|
Definition
| microbial and fungal byproducts glue particles together |
|
|
Term
| At what speed does a raindrop hit soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do dislodged soil particles do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soil w/ permafrost within 2m of surface
-usually limited profile development
-can have gelic material
-not very weathered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineral or organic soil materials that have evidence of cryoturbation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where it's cold, primarily along the Arctic and Tibetan Plateau large areas of Canada, Russia, and Alaska |
|
|
Term
| In gelisol regions, where do most of the soil forming processes occur? |
|
Definition
| near surface, sometimes resulting in significant accumulation of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| What happens to gelisol areas during summer? |
|
Definition
| become boggy wetlangs supporting lots of migratory birds and grazing animals |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the permafrost in gelisols melts? |
|
Definition
| leads to a waterlogged soil condition that poses problems for engineering uses |
|
|
Term
| Why is the productivity of gelisols limited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very diverse
have 1 thing in common: little horizon development |
|
|
Term
| where are entisols found? |
|
Definition
| at the site of recently deposited materials (e.g., alluvium), or in parent materials resistant to weathering (e.g., sand) |
|
|
Term
| Where are productive entisols found? |
|
Definition
| alluvial soils on flood plains |
|
|
Term
| Where are less fertile entisols found? |
|
Definition
| steep slopes and sandy areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mineral soils that developed on grasslands
-have dark, base rich, surface horizon
-lots of organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dark, base rich surface
-nearly all have mollic epipedon
-many also have argillic or natric horizon or calcic horizon
-a few have albic horizon
-some also have duripan or petrocalcic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thick, rich in organic matter (2.5%+) surface horizon
-base saturation 50%+ |
|
|
Term
| What do minerals in mollisols give plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is topsoil of mollisols dark and naturally fertile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic cations that can be found in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soils that have an argillic, a kandic, or a natric and base saturation 35%+. Typically have ochric epipedon, but may have umbric epipedon. May also have petrocalcic horizon, a fragipan, or a duripan.
B horizon has cations plants can use. |
|
|
Term
| Where are alfisols found? |
|
Definition
-cool to hot humid areas and in the semiarid tropics
-form in regions w/ sufficient moisture for at least part of the year
-found in Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys in USA, thru central and northern Europe into Russia, and in the south central region of S. America |
|
|
Term
| What are alfisols formed under? |
|
Definition
-mostly forest vegetation, but also under grass savannah
-develop at mixed hardwood forests |
|
|
Term
| description of alfisol profile |
|
Definition
-extensive profile development w/ distinct argillic (clay) accumulations in the subsoil
-extensive leaching often produces light colored E horizon below topsoil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soils of humid and subhumid regions that have altered horizons that have lost bases or iron and aluminum but retain some weatherable minerals
-They don't have an illuvial horizon enriched with either silicate clay or with an amorphous mix of aluminum and organic carbon |
|
|
Term
| Inceptisols may have many kinds of diagnostic horizons, but which ones are excluded? |
|
Definition
-argillic
-natric
-kandic
-spodic
-oxic |
|
|
Term
| Inceptisols are the beginning of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are inceptisols found? |
|
Definition
-scattered all over the world
-prominant in mountainous regions |
|
|
Term
| The productivity of inceptisols varies depending on... |
|
Definition
| clay and organic matter content, and other edaphic (plant-related) factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have horizon that has appreciable abount of translocated silicate clay (argillic or kandic) and few bases (35%BS or less)
-BS in most ultisols decreases with depth
-intensely weathered
-accumulated clay minerals in B horizon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually not very fertile
-acidic (H+ and Al3+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
warm and humid climates on older geologic locations in parent material that's already extensively weathered
SE US, China, Indonesia, S. America, and equitorial regions of Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to organic matter here in Southeast? |
|
Definition
| microbes rapidly consume it |
|
|
Term
| soil needs this to keep soil in place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can ultisols be agriculturally productive? |
|
Definition
| w/ inputs of lime and fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-have lots of clay minerals that shrink and swell as they change water content
-swell when wet and shrink while drying, causing large, deep cracks
-usually very dark, w/ 1-6% organic matter |
|
|
Term
| how materials get mixed in with vertisols |
|
Definition
| surface materials fall into the cracks and become incorporated into the lower horizons when it becomes wet again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-typically in Ca and Mg rich materials such as limestone, basalt, or in areas of topographic depressions that collect these elements leached from uplands
-most often formed in warm, subhumid, or semiarid climates, where the natural vegetation is predominantly grass, savannah, open forest, or desert shrub |
|
|
Term
| Where are vertisols found? |
|
Definition
| NE Africa, India, & Australia with smaller areas scattered worldwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the most weathered soil
-extensively leached and clay dominated by oxides of Fe and Al, low fertility, and very acidic
-typically physically stable and resistant to erosion
-gentle slopes on surfaces of great age
-mix of quartz, kaolin, iron oxides, and organic matter
-boundaries very gradual
-fewer cations than ultisols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do oxisols require to be agriculturally productive? |
|
Definition
| extensive inputs of lime and fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soils in which amorphous mixtures of organic matter and aluminum, with or without iron, have accumulated
-in undisturbed soils, there is normally an overlying eluvial usually gray to light gray in color, that has the color of more or less uncoated quartz
-acidic
-spodic horizon
-high leaching potential due to coarse texture
-typically low in fertility and bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsoil accumulation of organic matter, along with aluminum and iron oxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-commonly in sandy parent materials under coniferous forest vegetation
-commonly in cool, wet climate, but can occur in warmer climate
-usually in wet areas |
|
|
Term
| Where do spodosols occur? |
|
Definition
| large areas in north Europe, Russia, northeastern N. America, and some in Florida |
|
|
Term
| What do spodosols require to be agriculturally productive? |
|
Definition
| extensive inputs of lime and fertilizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-too dry for mesophytic plants to grow
-have either:
1: aridic moisture regime and ochric or anthropic epipedon and 1 or more of the following w/ upper boundary within 100 cm of surface: calcic, cambic, gypsic, natric, petrocalcic, petrogypsic, or salic horizon w/ duripan or argillic horizon, or:
2: salic horizon and saturation w/ water within 100 cm of surface for 1 month or more in normal years
-they are dry with calcium carbonate (lime) accumulations
-commonly light in color and low in organic matter content
-lime and salt accumulations common in subsurface
-some have argillic B horizon
-not much erosion |
|
|
Term
| dominant characteristic of aridisols |
|
Definition
| water deficiency; adequate moisture for plant growth present for no more than 90 days at a time |
|
|
Term
| crops can't be grown in aridisols w/o... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can overgrazing by livestock do to aridisols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can aridisols be made productive? |
|
Definition
-if irrigation is available
-use of fertilizers and proper management |
|
|
Term
| Where do aridisols occur? |
|
Definition
| desert as well as SW N. America, Australia, and many MidEastern locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soils dominated by short-range-order minerals
-include weakly weathered soils with much volcanic glass as well as more strongly weathered soils
-contains volcanic glass
-usually lacking in development
-not very weathered
-usually high fertility
-low bulk density
-easily tilled
-usually high productivity potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
near volcanoes
form in deposits from geologically recent events |
|
|
Term
| factors that influence soil development |
|
Definition
-topography
-climate
-time
-organisms
-parent material |
|
|
Term
| mineral nutrients procured from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces acid that preserves organic matter |
|
|
Term
| Washed up coral provides... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything from fresh volcanic matter to 5 million year old oxisols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of wind deposited parent material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About ________ of soil is empty space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where soil organisms thrive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do soil organisms do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis transforms CO2 into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do plants produce that feeds bacteria and fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbohydrates
simple sugar
proteins |
|
|
Term
| When protozoan eats bacterium, this is released. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi actively mine __________ out of rocks so plants can use it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than _______ of land plants have mycchorizae of some sort. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria do this to nitrogen |
|
Definition
| convert it to a form plants can use |
|
|
Term
| In a sense, _______ is a dance w/ nature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When growing crops, it's good to make the soil... |
|
Definition
| mimic that of the crop's natural habitat |
|
|
Term
| synthetic fertilizer is a result of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ helps break down carbon chemicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What made soil more vulnerable to erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What seems to be a good alternative to plowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what we take from soil must be returned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Improving soil can help reduce the risk of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Healthier soil leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ the soil as you ________ humanity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ did a lot to move the idea of agroecology forward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When we ______, we remove something from the soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| umbrella term for no till and such |
|
|
Term
| In conservation tillage, you don't ______, but you do this. |
|
Definition
till
direct seed into soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainability must integrate this. |
|
Definition
| natural biological systems |
|
|
Term
| Conservation tillage is better for water... |
|
Definition
| flow, quality, and infiltration |
|
|
Term
| How many major characteristics of agroecosystems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ says agroecosystems can have variety. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ag is about ______, not just ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A farmer came up with conservation tillage for this reason. |
|
Definition
| he couldn't stand erosion |
|
|
Term
| glyphosate resistant crops in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the biggest constraints of being sustainable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bigger farms account for ______ of ag sales. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we want to remain sustainable, can we forget the big guys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can corporate farms be family farms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the real problem is lack of ______ in agriculture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As corn production ______, corn prices ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If somewhere's the only place that has work, it has... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there more small dairies or big dairies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Georgia, one of the biggest barriers to sustainability is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diversification is important to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chickens produce better on ______ than on corn. |
|
Definition
promillet
does great in Georgia |
|
|
Term
| mean farm size in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many farms in Georgia are resource... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more ______ the landscape, the harder it is to control erosion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These farmers get scarcely any credit. |
|
Definition
| small and organic farmers |
|
|
Term
| In terms of prices, ______ gets good deal and ______ doesn't. |
|
Definition
research station
"little guy" |
|
|
Term
| Can systems be incremental? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incremental pieces for ______ in transformational system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does universalism change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stocks of carbon often expressed in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C stocks in biomass mostly in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hemisphere does more photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major C stocks in order of amount |
|
Definition
1: marine sediment and sedimentary rocks
2: ocean bicarbonate
3: ocean carbonate
4: fossil fuels
5: organic C in soils
6: atmospheric carbon dioxide
7: living biomass
8: ocean dissolved carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| the key is to add extra... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99% of C in plants comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the carbon in soil is protected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase this to increase the amount of C you can sequester. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves carbon dioxide: physical mixing of the oceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide dissolving in water lowers pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic matter settles to bottom |
|
|
Term
| importance of biological pump |
|
Definition
| w/o it, atmospheric carbon dioxide would be double what it is today |
|
|
Term
| Calcium Carbonate does this in the ocean. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to ______, C increases by this much. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the increase in atmospheric carbon is from ______, but part of it is ______ since 1800. |
|
Definition
fossil fuels
change in land use |
|
|
Term
| When does calcium carbonate become soluble? |
|
Definition
| when water becomes acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment and sedimentary rock |
|
|
Term
| organic C stock vs. atmospheric C stock |
|
Definition
| organic C stock about 3x the atmospheric C stock |
|
|
Term
| about how many people in the world? |
|
Definition
| 7,404,070,872 and growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food, fiber, shelter, water, and energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gross cash income minus all cash expenses such as for feed, seed, fertilizer, property taxes, interest on debt, wages to hired labor, contract labor, and rent to nonoperator landlords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gross farm income minus cash and noncash expenses, such as capital consumption, pre-requisites to hired labor, and farm household expenses.
-It's a longer term measure of the ability of the farm to survive as a viable income-earning business. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| <$350K in gross cash farm income |
|
|
Term
| Are many farms in Georgia residence farms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forecast for net cash and net farm income |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is off-farm income associated with ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ag business important to ______ of farms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| expected drop in 2016 cash receipts led by... |
|
Definition
| declines in nearly all major animal/product categories (including dairy, meat, and poultry/eggs), as well as veggies and melons |
|
|
Term
| forecast for feed crop cash receipts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receipts for these commodities are expected to rise by at least 1% in 2016. |
|
Definition
| several, including turkeys, cotton, rice, sorghum, oil crops, dry beans, potatoes, and sugarcane/sugar beets |
|
|
Term
| forecast for direct government farm program payments |
|
Definition
| forecasted to increase in 2016 by $3.3 billion or 31.4% |
|
|
Term
| forecast for overall production expenses in 2016 |
|
Definition
| decrease, cushioning decline in cash receipts |
|
|
Term
| forecast for expenses typically produced by farm sector in 2016 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some inputs produced by farm sector |
|
Definition
| feed and livestock and poultry purchases |
|
|
Term
| forecast for expenses for fuels and oils in 2016 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forecast for hired labor cost and interest expenses in next year |
|
Definition
| increase by $1.5 billion (5%) and $1.3 billion (6.8%), respectively |
|
|
Term
| forecast for median farm household income in 2016 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most farm households earn all of their income from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forecast for median off-farm income in 2016 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The forecasted decline in expenses for 2016 is driven primarily by... |
|
Definition
| lower spending on feed, fuel, and fertilizer, which outweigh expected increases in spending on hired labor, interest, and property taxes/fees |
|
|
Term
| What has risen faster: farm expenses or inflation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Despite the expectation of more cattle in 2016, feed expenses are forecasted to... |
|
Definition
| decrease $2.7 billion (4.7%) due to lower feed prices |
|
|
Term
| forecast for livestock and poultry purchases in 2016 |
|
Definition
| decline by 6.5% ($2 billion) due to lower feeder cattle and barrow / gilt prices |
|
|
Term
| forecast for fuel and oil expenses in 2016 |
|
Definition
| decrease by over 14% to $10.7 billion in 2016 |
|
|
Term
| principal inputs into crop production |
|
Definition
| seed, pesticide, and fertilizer expenses |
|
|
Term
| forecast for expenses for principal inputs into crop production in 2016 |
|
Definition
| decrease by about $1 billion, driven primarily by lower fertilizer expenses |
|
|
Term
| Have farm expenses risen or fallen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forecast for labor cost in 2016 |
|
Definition
| increase by over 3%, with most of the increase driven by higher expected wage rates impacting hired labor |
|
|
Term
ag. business vs. farm
Who's making money? |
|
Definition
| ag business making money, but farm not as much |
|
|
Term
| From 1960 to 2012, gross revenue, production expenses, and net cash income have all... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the more it goes into commercial |
|
|
Term
| Since 1970, ag imports and exports have both... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has the outlook for lower feed grain and oil seed stocks done to feed grain and oil seed prices? |
|
Definition
| pushed them well above their 2008 highs |
|
|
Term
| largest gains for U.S. value of production for selected livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-meat chicken
-poultry is an umbrella term |
|
|
Term
| A lot of people like to sell their cattle at this time of year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From 2006 to 2012, crop cash receipts have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since 1985, pasture, cropland, and farm real estate prices have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Out of cropland, pasture, and farm real estate, what's cheapest? |
|
Definition
| pasture cheaper than real estate cheaper than cropland |
|
|
Term
| the farm debt-to-asset ratio is... (increasing or decreasing) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does our soil require fertilizer? |
|
Definition
| because the nutrients have been depleted |
|
|
Term
| falling crop prices mean this for receipts |
|
Definition
| expected to sharply decline |
|
|
Term
| Since 1960, the average farm household income and average U.S. household income... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which agriculture yielded the highest median household income in 2014? |
|
Definition
| dairy and hog, $109,005 and $104,009 respectively |
|
|
Term
| In the 1960's, this happened pertaining to conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| equipment technology to meet the challenge of successful crop establishment in conservation tillage systems |
|
|
Term
| In 1985, this happened pertaining to conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| Food Security Act of 1985 passed by Congress provided another step-up in conservation tillage adoption |
|
|
Term
| In the 1990's, this happened pertaining to conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| development and release of glyphosate resistant crops significantly increased the adoption of conservation tillage in USA, especially cotton and soybean in Southeast |
|
|
Term
| Congress established the CSP under... |
|
Definition
| the Farm Security & Rural Investment Act of 2002 (FSRIA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Food Security Act of 1985 |
|
|
Term
| Conservation Security Program (CSP) |
|
Definition
-established under FSRIA
-administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), an agency of the USDA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tribal and private working lands
-all 50 states and U.S. territories have incorporated it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equitable access to benefit all producers, regardless of size of operation, crops produced, or geographic location |
|
|
Term
| The CSP helps producers maintain ______ and implement ______ that provide ______, while creating ______ for other producers to ______. |
|
Definition
conservation stewardship
additional conservation practices
added environmental enhancement
powerful incentives
meet those same standards of conservation performance |
|
|
Term
| The CSP uses ______ to pay the land owners. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1st level that land owners can participate in
-farmer signs 5 year plan that addresses soil and water quality to the described minimum level of treatment for eligible land uses on part of the ag operation prior to acceptance (3, 6, 7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-middle tier
-farmer signs 5-10 year contract that addresses soil and water quality to the described minimum level of treatment on all eligible land uses on the entire ag operation prior to to acceptance and agree to address 1 additional resource by the end of the contract period (3, 6, 7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-last and final tier
-farmer signs 5-10 year plan where the producer must have addressed all applicable resource concerns to a resource management system level that meets the NRCS Field Office Technical Guide standards on all eligible land uses on the entire ag operation before acceptance and have riparian zones adequately treated (3, 7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interface between land and a river or stream |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect total farm expenditures by leading cash receipts in Georgia and Florida |
|
Definition
| climate and cost of fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| regions of America in order of most farms to least farms |
|
Definition
1: South
2: North Central
3: West
4: Northeast |
|
|
Term
| regions of America by most farmland |
|
Definition
1: North Central
2: South
3: West
4: Northeast |
|
|
Term
| regions of America in order of farm expenditures |
|
Definition
1: Midwest
2: Plains
3: West
4: Atlantic
5: South |
|
|
Term
| Animals deficate how mich of what they eat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one thing we have to figure out how to deal with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estimated drought related losses in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways to mitigate drought |
|
Definition
-capture as much rainfall as possible
-attenuate runoff and evaporation
-slow the water down so you can conserve nutrients too |
|
|
Term
| Broiler litter is a good source of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does chicken litter contain so much phosphorous? |
|
Definition
| because chickens are inefficient at absorbing phosphorous |
|
|
Term
| top 3 broiler producing states |
|
Definition
1: Georgia
2: Alabama
3: Arkansas |
|
|
Term
| organic matter in soil vs. erosion |
|
Definition
| the less organic matter in the soil, the more erosion |
|
|
Term
| risk of soil loss indicates... |
|
Definition
| high potential for surface runoff |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients placed on ______ and unprotected from ______ are more vulnerable to ______ via ______. |
|
Definition
the surface
raindrop impact
transport
surface runoff |
|
|
Term
| Can we afford to lose nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where must nutrients be in order to be productive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ water moves into soil, the ______ nutrients it carries with it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does conservation tillage do to infiltration and runoff? |
|
Definition
| increases infiltration and reduces runoff |
|
|
Term
| Most of Georgia's community water comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we need to reduce compaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbon in soil vs. compaction |
|
Definition
| putting more carbon into the soil can help reduce compaction |
|
|
Term
| carbon content vs. soil's holding capacity for water and nutrients |
|
Definition
| increasing carbon content increases soil's holding capacity for water and nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed price decreased due to... |
|
Definition
| amount of corn, cost of corn, and cost of fuel |
|
|
Term
| What has more volatility: plant or animal ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UNFAO soils map identifies ______ soil units for the U.S. based on ______. |
|
Definition
315
their physical and chemical composition, their topographic situation, and the local climate |
|
|
Term
| Fertility Capability Classification system (FCC) |
|
Definition
| soil fertility index to rank soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basis for comparing and rating soils worldwide for their sustainability for ag use |
|
|
Term
| The ranking system assesses ______ of the soil that have a direct relationship to ______ for ______. |
|
Definition
the textural, structural, chemical, and climactic characteristics
fertilizer, plowing, and irrigation requirements
successful farming |
|
|
Term
| The FCC system assigns ______ to each soil type, if any are present. |
|
Definition
| condition modifiers, or limiting factors |
|
|
Term
| condition modifiers include... |
|
Definition
-dry or seasonally dry conditions
-low CEC
-Al toxicicity
-Fe and P fixation
-gleying
-basic reaction
-K deficiency
-salinity
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| # of limiting factors present vs. cost of ag production |
|
Definition
| as # of limiting factors increases, so does cost of ag production |
|
|
Term
| limiting factors need to be overcome thru... |
|
Definition
-liming
-irrigation
-fertilization
-other processes |
|
|
Term
| Ranked soils in U.S. range from ______ to ______ limiting factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are soils w/ 7 or 8 limiting factors nearly impossible to cultivate? |
|
Definition
| presence of cumulative # of impediments (dry, saline conditions, shallow soils, high slope, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| examples of impediments to soil |
|
Definition
-dry
-saline conditions
-shallow soils
-high slope
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| About ______ of U.S. soil has 2 or fewer limiting factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over ______ of U.S. soil has 4 or fewer limiting factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which soils are bearing the brunt of urbanization? |
|
Definition
| those with fewer limiting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incorporates ideas about a more environmentally friendly and socially sensitive (holistic) approach to ag |
|
|
Term
| Agroecology generally focuses on... |
|
Definition
| not only on production, but on the sustainability of the production systems |
|
|
Term
| Agroecology narrowly focuses on... |
|
Definition
| ecological relations in the field with a purpose to illuminate the form, dynamics, and function of these relations |
|
|
Term
| By understanding processes and relations in agroecology, agroecosystems can be manipulated to ______, with fewer ______, more ______, and with fewer ______. |
|
Definition
produce better
negative environmental or social impacts
sustainability
external inputs |
|
|
Term
| Odum ______ describes ______ major characteristics of agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 4 major characteristics of agroecosystems |
|
Definition
| 1: include auxillary sources of energy like human, animal, and human energy to enhance productivity of particular organisms 2: diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems 3: dominant animals and plants are under artificial rather than natural selection 4: system controls are external rather than internal via subsystem feedback |
|
|
Term
| Altieri (______) says this about Odum's model of agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
1995
interesting point of departure for understanding ag from an ecological systems perspective, but can't capture the diversity and complexity of many agroecosystems that evolved |
|
|
Term
| Altieri (1995) says Odum's lack of attention to ______ results in a model with ______. |
|
Definition
the social determinants of ag
limited explanitory power |
|
|
Term
| Can agroecosystems have high biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Altieri (1995), ag systems are ______, and the ______ of ag doesn't stop at ______. |
|
Definition
human artifacts
determinants
the field boundaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not only to environmental, biotic, and cultivar constraints, but also reflect human subsistence strategies and economic conditions |
|
|
Term
| trend in farm size in the last 3 decades |
|
Definition
-# of large and small farms growing, but # of mid-sized farms declining
-thus, average farm size has changed little in the last 3 decades |
|
|
Term
| From 1982 to 2007, this happened to the midpoint acerage in cropland. |
|
Definition
| nearly doubled, from 589 acres to 1,105 acres |
|
|
Term
| From 1982-2007, midpoint acerages increased in ______ of ______ states and more than doubled in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From 1982-2007, the largest increases in midpoint acreages occurred in ______. |
|
Definition
| a contiguous group of 12 Corn Belt and Northern Plains states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-corn
-cotton
-rice
-soybeans
-wheat
-from 1982 to 2007, midpoint acerage more than doubled in each of these |
|
|
Term
| average increase in midpoint acerage increased ______% in ______ of ______ fruit and veggie crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary source of the large farms' financial advantage |
|
Definition
| they utilize labor and capital more intensively |
|
|
Term
| The long term shifts in farm size have been accompanied by greater ______, beginning with separation of ______ in the latter half of the 20th century. |
|
Definition
specialization
crop and livestock farming |
|
|
Term
| Larger operations are more likely to use contracts, which can reduce... |
|
Definition
| the price and marketing risks faced by farmers |
|
|
Term
| These 4 crops accounted for over 83% of harvested crop acres in 2007 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do harvested acres correspond closely to cash receipts for crops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does technology play an important role in increasing farm size? |
|
Definition
| by allowing a single farmer to operate and manage more acres |
|
|
Term
| These labor-saving innovations have substantially reduced the total amount of labor used in ag and facilitated the shift to larger crop farms. |
|
Definition
-bigger and faster capital equipment
-information technology
-chemical herbicides
-seed genetics
-changing tillage techniques |
|
|
Term
| channels thru which federal policies may affect farm structure |
|
Definition
-taxes
-lending programs
-environmental or food safety regulations
-research and development funding
-comodity programs |
|
|
Term
| In 2011, ______ of U.S. crop farms were family farms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 2011, family farms accounted for ______ of the value of crop production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in ocean dissolved CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in living biomass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in atmospheric CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in organic C in soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in fossil fuels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in ocean bicarbonate ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in ocean bicarbonate ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of C in marine sediments and sedimentary rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conservation tillage and cover crops may result in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intensive tillage results in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defining factors for potential C sequestration |
|
Definition
-reactive surfaces
-depth
-bulk density |
|
|
Term
| limiting factors for attainable C sequestration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reducing factors for actual C sequestration |
|
Definition
-soil management
-plant species/crop selection
-residue management
-soil and nutrient losses
-inefficient water and nutrient use
-disrupted biology/disease |
|
|
Term
| how to increase attainable soil C sequestration |
|
Definition
| optimize input and reduce losses |
|
|
Term
| how to increase potential soil C sequestration |
|
Definition
| add external sources of C |
|
|
Term
| solubility pump equations |
|
Definition
CO2(g) <--> CO2(aq)
CO2(aq) + H2O <--> H2CO3
H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- <--> H+ + CO32- |
|
|
Term
| forms of dissolved C in ocean |
|
Definition
HCO 3- (90%)
CO32- (9%)
CO2 (aq) (1%) |
|
|
Term
| ______ is responsible for about 75% of the concentration difference between surface and deep C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the carbons of concern for climate change |
|
Definition
| CO2, CO, and methane (CH4) |
|
|
Term
| How much of the food goes to waste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If our waste food was used for compost,... |
|
Definition
| this would cut down on the methane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically the burping cows |
|
|
Term
| The natural world also produces methane, such as in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removing it from the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| What does CO2 in atmosphere do to water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C in biological molecules |
|
|
Term
| exceeding C flux leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More CO2 into ocean: good or bad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important for soil to have moisture, but still have pore space? |
|
Definition
-ideal for microbes and plants
-important for N and C mineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We need to manage our grasslands to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2: organic or inorganic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it important to know where C is being stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There seems to be more C ______ ocean than ______. What does this do to the ocean? |
|
Definition
going into it
leaving it
acidification |
|
|
Term
| most microbes need ______ conditions and ______ moisture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial activity vs. air space in soil |
|
Definition
| greater microbial activity w/ air space in soil |
|
|
Term
| zero till does this to soil organic C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most resistant organic C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of an organic C based molecule's structure |
|
Definition
| can affect how long it takes to decompose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the path of least resistance |
|
|
Term
| Soil organic matter does this to buffering capacity. |
|
Definition
| helps improve buffering capacity |
|
|
Term
| humic substances have a ______ dependent charge; helps in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more soil organic matter means _____ cation exchange capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some consequences of C imbalance |
|
Definition
-ocean acidification
-global temp increase
-climate change |
|
|
Term
| 10 indicators of a warming world |
|
Definition
increasing:
-air temp near surface (troposphere)
-water vapor
-temp over oceans
-sea surface temp
-sea level
-temp over land
-ocean heat content
decreasing:
-glaciers
-snow cover
-sea ice |
|
|
Term
| There is more C going from ______ to ______ than vice versa. |
|
Definition
terrestrial systems
the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| How will climate change affect water demands? |
|
Definition
| will likely lead to higher water demands |
|
|
Term
| the 2 C stocks in the terrestrial level |
|
Definition
| living biomass and organic C in soils |
|
|
Term
| Chickens produce lots of this chemical due to such frequent egg laying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil organic matter helps do this to plant nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| international trade is (growing or shrinking), including ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does demand for food seem to be declining in developed countries? |
|
Definition
| partly due to aging populations (older people eat less) |
|
|
Term
| world population predicted to be ______ by 2050 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population may level out at ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population seems to be growing fastest in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ of ______ people who live on less than $1 a day are malnourished |
|
Definition
| 854 million of 1.1 billion |
|
|
Term
| This amount of money per day tends to maximize demand for raw ag commodities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| world food demand forecasted to ______ by 2050 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We have enough food to feed the world, but the main problem is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______% of land suitable for ag is in developed countries, but has only ______% of world's population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to double production on current ag land |
|
Definition
| continue work on technologies |
|
|
Term
| farmers use ______% of fresh water consumed in the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do food costs seem to be going up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organization of Economic Development Countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to put resources to their best possible use |
|
|
Term
| histosols in ______ areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality of vertisol and histosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bigger molecules are ______ resistant and smaller molecules are ______ resistant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soils with ______ C have higher CO2 production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To sequester more C, we need to do this in terms of getting it into the soil. |
|
Definition
| get it as deep as possible as well as the mid and upper layers |
|
|
Term
| Soil fertility is a matter of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes often do this to N in soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decomposition does this in terms of N in the soil |
|
Definition
| makes it more available to plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15:1, 24:1, or 30:1
any of these 3 is accepted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fungi and bacteria do this to N |
|
Definition
| incorporate it into themselves |
|
|
Term
| Fraction that flows in value-added form is (increasing or decreasing) faster than ______ commodities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. produce ______% of world's cotton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. produces ______% of world's corn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. produces ______% of world's soybeans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. produces ______% of world's wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. produces ______% of world's rice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do high income consumers eat more when their incomes rise further? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to U.N., what part of the world is forecasted to have the greatest population growth thru 2050? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the U.N., what part of the world is forecasted to have a population decline thru 2050? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| range of U.N.'s population predictions for 2050 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After about $______ per day, people buy more processing, services, packaging, variety, and luxury forms, but not more raw ag commodities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people live on less than $2/day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources for projected world food demand |
|
Definition
-50% increase from world population growth – all in developing countries
-50% increase from broad-based economic growth in low income countries |
|
|
Term
| the most important determinant of the future global demand for food |
|
Definition
| How many presently low income consumers are lifted out of poverty |
|
|
Term
| With these factors, many low-income countries’ food consumption will outstrip their production capacity, and they will become larger net importers. |
|
Definition
-population growth
-urbanization
-economic development |
|
|
Term
| There is at most ______% more arable land available that isn’t presently forested or subject to erosion or desertification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area of land in farm production could be doubled, but these things would happen. |
|
Definition
-massive destruction of forest
-loss of wildlife habitat
-biodiversity
-C sequestration capacity |
|
|
Term
| the only environmentally sustainable alternative to expanding agricultural land |
|
Definition
| to at least double productivity on the fertile, non-erodible soils already in crop production |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of Arable Land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inherent land quality assessment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With rapid urbanization, in many areas, cities are likely to ______ agriculture for available water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what biofuels will do to the water use challenge |
|
Definition
| add further to the challenge |
|
|
Term
| achieve as much productivity as possible by |
|
Definition
-Improving nutrient absorption
-Optimizing water use
-Reducing competition from weeds for water, nutrients and sunlight
-Reducing losses from disease and insects |
|
|
Term
| increase genetic potential of... |
|
Definition
-crops
-farming systems
-farm animals |
|
|
Term
| New technologies need to maintain ______ for farmers to want to adopt them. |
|
Definition
| a favorable cost/return policy |
|
|
Term
| Since ______, prophets of doom have argued that population growth will increase ______ faster than ______ can grow. |
|
Definition
Malthus
food demand
ag production |
|
|
Term
| public and private sector investments in ______ have actually ______ productivity faster than ______ |
|
Definition
ag research
increased
demand growth |
|
|
Term
| other countries will continue to innovate to ______ in the production of agricultural commodities |
|
Definition
| improve their economic competitiveness |
|
|
Term
| to take advantage of the anticipated growth in demand, we must... |
|
Definition
| continue to aggressively innovate as well |
|
|
Term
| We will always have good and bad times, but this will enable a continued increase in farmers welfare. |
|
Definition
| economically sound productivity growth, particularly when coupled with a strong expansion in demand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lithosphere has ______ petagrams of C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the atmosphere has ______ petagrams of C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the atmosphere has ______ petagrams of CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the atmosphere has ______ petagrams of methane (CH4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the atmosphere has ______ petagrams of CO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of global warming is estimated to be caused by methane emissions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some major sources of methane |
|
Definition
-natural gas and petroleum systems (29%)
-enteric fermentation (26%)
-landfills (18%)
-coal mining (10%)
-manure management (10%)
-other (8%) |
|
|
Term
| the primary component of natural gas, a common fuel source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are we concerned about methane? |
|
Definition
| If methane is allowed to leak into the air before being used—from a leaky pipe, for instance—it absorbs the sun’s heat, warming the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| Methane is ______ times more potent than carbon dioxide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There's ______ petagrams of oceanic C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ocean, there's ______ petagrams of dissolved, inorganic C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ocean, there's ______ petagrams of dissolved organic C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ocean, there's ______ petagrams of particulate organic C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ocean, there's ______ petagrams of C in biota. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terrestrial level contains ______ petagrams of C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terrestrial biota contains ______ petagrams of C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terrestrial litter contains ______ petagrams of C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terrestrial soils contain ______ petagrams of C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terrestrial peat contains ______ petagrams of C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of terrestrial C |
|
Definition
-biota (25%)
-litter (3%)
-soils (66%)
-peat (7%) |
|
|
Term
| areas of focus on terrestrial C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most active reserves of carbon |
|
Definition
-Atmospheric CO2
-Dissolved forms of CO2
-organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Carbonic acid [H2CO3]
-Bicarbonate [HCO3-]
-Carbonate [CO3-2] |
|
|
Term
| the 2 parts of the carbon makeover |
|
Definition
| transformation and transport |
|
|
Term
| 2 biological processes by which C is transformed |
|
Definition
-photosynthesis
-mineralization and decomposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Autotrophic organisms
-plants and algae that convert CO2 into carbohydrates using energy from sunlight (carbon fixation) |
|
|
Term
| mineralization and decomposition |
|
Definition
-Heterotrophic organisms – animals that cannot fix their own energy, they convert energy contained in organic compounds to CO2
-Upon the death of plants or animals they are consumed by microorganisms and transformed into microbial cells, carbonaceous compounds such as humus or soil organic matter, and released back to the atmosphere or soil as CO2 and CH4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants and algae that convert CO2 into carbohydrates using energy from sunlight (carbon fixation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals that cannot fix their own energy, they convert energy contained in organic compounds to CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the carbon cycle in vegetation and soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis and respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how carbon is transported |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Plant and Animal respiration
-Microbial decomposition and mineralization
-Fossil fuel combustion
-Water transport
-Haying
-You eating a big juicy hamburger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-atmosphere to land
-land to atmosphere
-land to ocean
-atmosphere to ocean
-ocean to atmosphere
-biotic turnover within ocean
-ocean to lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| types of land to atmosphere carbon fluxes |
|
Definition
-soil respiration
-fossil fuel combustion
-deforestation |
|
|
Term
| types of land to ocean carbon fluxes |
|
Definition
-inorganic river transport
-organic river transport |
|
|
Term
| types of biotic turnover carbon fluxes within ocean |
|
Definition
-detritus fallout of surface water
-circulation of surface into deeper water
-circulation of deeper into surface water |
|
|
Term
| types of ocean to lithosphere carbon fluxes |
|
Definition
-inorganic sedimentation
-organic sedimentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants and soil carbon flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors that can help regulate carbon fluxes |
|
Definition
-Temperature (range varies with organism)
-Moisture (goldilocks)
-Organisms |
|
|
Term
| typical effect of temp on microbial activity |
|
Definition
| maximum microbial activity at about 37°C |
|
|
Term
| where forests store carbon |
|
Definition
| mostly in above ground standing stock |
|
|
Term
| where grasslands store carbon |
|
Definition
| have greater yearly inputs below ground into soil |
|
|
Term
| breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM) |
|
Definition
-65 to 75% is humic substances, which are resistant to decomposition > 10years
-10 to 30% polysaccharide- and protein-like, decompose more rapidly < 10 years
-1 to 15% living organisms, primarily bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, nematodes, and protozoan |
|
|
Term
| how soil organic matter improves soil physical properties |
|
Definition
-Soil particles into aggregates
-Improving aeration
-Decreasing bulk density
-Increasing water-holding capacity |
|
|
Term
| improved soil physical properties lead to... |
|
Definition
-Increased infiltration of water and -associated amendments
-Greater rooting capacity
-Overall greater water and nutrient use efficiency |
|
|
Term
| how soil organic matter improves soil chemical properties |
|
Definition
-Buffers against pH changes
-Increases in cation and
anion exchanges which are essential to the retention of nutrients within the rooting zone
-Serves as a reservoir of slow-release nutrients,
-Can transform potential harmful materials into not toxic materials
-acts as a macro-nutrient reservoir
-acts as a micro-nutrient reservoir |
|
|
Term
| how humic substances in soil buffer against pH changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil organic matter can be a reservoir for these macro-nutrients. |
|
Definition
-Nitrogen
-phosphorus
-potassium
-calcium
-magnesium
-sulfur |
|
|
Term
| Soil organic matter can be a reservoir for these micro-nutrients. |
|
Definition
-Iron
-manganese
-zinc
-copper
-boron
-molybdenum
-cobalt
-chloride |
|
|
Term
| biological functioning of soil organic matter |
|
Definition
the mainsource of food and energy
for soil organisms |
|
|
Term
| microbial biomass in temperate grasslands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of organisms found in soil |
|
Definition
-tiniest one-celled bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa,
-more complex nematodes and micro-arthropods,
-visible earthworms, insects, small vertebrates, and plants |
|
|
Term
| chart showing the importance of soil organic carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resistant fractions of soil organic carbon |
|
Definition
| control physical and chemical properties |
|
|
Term
| active fractions of soil organic carbon |
|
Definition
| control biological and chemical properties |
|
|
Term
| soil carbon varies with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil organic carbon varies with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of organic carbon in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of carbon fixed by plants depends largely on... |
|
Definition
-Availability of nutrients
-Adequate sunlight
-Temperature
-Moisture |
|
|
Term
| Decomposition of plant and animal residues is strongly controlled by... |
|
Definition
-Moistures (atmospheric and soil)
-Amount of nitrogen and phosphorus
-Proportion of N and P (see graph 4.7 in cycles) |
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of plant residues is usually (higher or lower?). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio is critical for ______ of N. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activity of micro-organisms vs. plant available nitrate supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratios and soil cover management choices must strike a balance between ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
crop residues covering the soil
nutrient cycling |
|
|
Term
| N won't become available to plants until... |
|
Definition
| the needs of the microorganisms have been met |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of rye cover crop (anthesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of rye cover crop (vegetative) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of mature alfalfa hay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of ideal microbial diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of rotted barnyard manure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of young alfalfa hay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of hairy vetch cover crop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of soil microbes (average) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed of decay vs. C:N ratio |
|
Definition
| the higher the C:N ratio, the slower the decay |
|
|
Term
| some compost pile materials |
|
Definition
-autumn leaves
-grass clippings
-manure
-paper
-pine needles
-sawdust
-straw
-vegetable scraps |
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of autumn leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of grass clippings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of pine needles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of vegetable scraps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the synthesis and storage of organic molecules during the growth and reproduction of photosynthetic organisms. The core idea is that new chemical compounds and new plant tissue are produced. Over time, primary production results in the addition of new plant biomass to the system. Consumers derive their energy from primary producers, either directly (herbivores, some detritivores), or indirectly (predators, other detritivores). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a plant, animal, or insect dies, that plant, animal, or insect is broken into tiny pieces and those pieces become part of the soil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant and animal uptake or adsorption in this case carbon. |
|
|
Term
| As commonly used in regard to the Footprint, consumption refers to ______. |
|
Definition
| the use of goods or services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity of ecosystems to regenerate what people demand from those surfaces. Life, including human life, competes for space. The biocapacity of a particular surface represents its ability to renew what people demand. Biocapacity is therefore the ecosystems' capacity to produce biological materials used by people and to absorb waste material generated by humans, under current management schemes and extraction technologies. |
|
|
Term
| about how many global hectares of biologically productive land per person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Global hectares are the accounting unit for the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity accounts. These biologically weighted productivity(s) (weighted biologically productive hectares) allow researchers to report both the biocapacity of the earth or a region and the demand on biocapacity (the Ecological Footprint). A global hectare is a biologically productive hectare with world average biological productivity for a given year. |
|
|
Term
| Why are global hectares needed? |
|
Definition
| because different types of land have different productivities |
|
|
Term
| area of global hectare vs. biological productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of how much area of biologically productive land and water an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology and resource management practices. |
|
|
Term
| ecological footprint usually measured in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ecological deficit/reserve |
|
Definition
| The difference between the biocapacity and Ecological Footprint of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population's Footprint. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region is importing biocapacity through trade or liquidating regional ecological assets, or emitting wastes into a global commons such as the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| the biocapacity of a particular surface represents... |
|
Definition
| its ability to renew what people demand |
|
|
Term
| When does an ecological deficit occur? |
|
Definition
| when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. |
|
|
Term
| When does an ecological reserve exist? |
|
Definition
| when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population's Footprint. |
|
|
Term
| Biocapacity per person varies each year with these factors. |
|
Definition
-ecosystem management
-agricultural practices (such as fertilizer use and irrigation)
-ecosystem degradation
-weather
-population size |
|
|
Term
| footprint per person varies with... |
|
Definition
-consumption amounts
-production efficiency |
|
|
Term
| The quality of the assessment is scored on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which countries have ecological deficits? |
|
Definition
-USA
-Italy
-Costa Rica (used to have reserve)
-Romania |
|
|
Term
| Which countries have ecological reserves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ecological wealth of nations and the global footprints considers... |
|
Definition
-ecological capacity
-management capacity
-capacity building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Human resource development, the process of equipping individuals with the understanding, skills and access to information, knowledge and training that enables them to perform effectively.
-Organizational development, the elaboration of management structures, processes and procedures, not only within organizations but also the management of relationships between the different organizations and sectors (public, private and community).
-Institutional and legal framework development, making legal and regulatory changes to enable organizations, institutions and agencies at all levels and in all sectors to enhance their capacities.
-Training individuals, setting up networks and policy |
|
|
Term
| common ecosystems in order of productivity per unit area |
|
Definition
1: estuaries
2: swamps and marshes
3: tropical rain forest
4: temperate forest
5: northern coniferous forest (taiga)
6: savanna
7: ag land
8: woodland and shrubland
9: temperate grassland
10: lakes and streams
11: continental shelf
12: tundra (arctic and alpine)
13: open ocean
14: desert scrub
15: extreme desert |
|
|
Term
| net primary production of various ecosystems |
|
Definition
1: open ocean
2: tropical rain forest
3: temperate forest
4: savanna
5: northern coniferous forest (taiga)
6: continental shelf
7: ag land
8: temperate grassland
9: woodland and shrubland
10: estuaries
11: swamps and marshes
12: desert scrub
13: lakes and streams
14: tundra (arctic and alpine)
15: extreme desert |
|
|
Term
| some internal carbon sources |
|
Definition
-insect consumers
-crops
-mineral N pool
-weeds
-residue
-soil organic matter |
|
|
Term
| some external carbon sources |
|
Definition
-fertilizer
-precipitation
-harvest
-canopy solution
-denitrification/fixation
-seeds
-leaching |
|
|
Term
| In quality of assessment, ______ is the best. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are we exceeding our biocapacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does water tend to do to temperature changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the 100 questions, what were the driving factors and why did sustainability become important? |
|
Definition
-expected population of 9 billion by 2050
-more than 1 billion people who suffer from food insecurity and malnutrition
-barriers to food access and distribution, particularly in the poorest regions
-climate change |
|
|
Term
| Earthworms provide this to soil |
|
Definition
| aeration and room for roots to grow |
|
|
Term
| The ______ C you add to soil, the ______ life forms like to use it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compost can help reactivate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| improving the soil leads to... [this regarding water] |
|
Definition
| less runoff and more infiltration |
|
|
Term
| improving the soil can help do this regarding GMO's |
|
Definition
| negate the need for some of them |
|
|
Term
| overgrazing leads to... [regarding soil] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ given to cattle kills dung beetle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| returns nutrients to soil |
|
|
Term
| this animal product returns nutrients to soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthetic nitrogen is costly in terms of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Introducing this can help reduce nitrate leaching by 70%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lbs of pesticide per person do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something bad nitrates can do to your body |
|
Definition
| reduce your body's defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weathered parent material and organic matter |
|
|
Term
| How much of the soil's total volume is made of soil organisms/biota? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa
-algae
-nematodes
-tardigrades
-arthropods
-springtails
-earthworms |
|
|
Term
| soils are home to [this amount] of the living species on Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 teaspoon of soil has how many species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In soil, this is the relationship between size and abundance. |
|
Definition
| the smaller, the more of it there is |
|
|
Term
| How many fungi are there in the soil? (amount, not species) |
|
Definition
| seems to be hard to quantify the number of fungi in soil |
|
|
Term
| essential services provided by soil organisms |
|
Definition
-nutrient cycling
-soil formation
-primary production |
|
|
Term
| soil factors that affect biodiversity |
|
Definition
-aggregates (more pore space)
-soil organic matter
-pH
-diversity of flora
-soil texture |
|
|
Term
| Do healthy soil ecosystems help maintain soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This breaks things down into smaller building blocks. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can microbes help plants grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning things into mineral form |
|
|
Term
| bacteria and fungi break down organic matter and leave behind ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ break down organic matter and leave behind humus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is phosphorous available in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tilling good or bad for soil microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compaction gets rid of too many... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pesticides that kill insects also kill... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solarization is (organic or inorganic), but also does this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can cover crops and crop rotations affect the mix of microbes in soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you have a chance to manage carbon? |
|
Definition
| where the carbon fluxes occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations |
|
|
Term
| Can you grow old lettuce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses;
•In field waste (failed and unharnessed product);
•Harvest and after harvest waste;
•Market waste and after market waste;
•Fertilizer run- off from fields;
•Pesticides and other contaminants that enter into water, air or soils from agricultural fields; and
•Salt and silt drained from fields.
•Mill or sawdust waste
•Farm production waste
•Restaurant waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| over 50% of the food produced today is lost... [at these phases] |
|
Definition
| during agricultural production and post-harvest |
|
|
Term
| breakdown of where the food wastage happens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of North American food production losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of North American postharvest, handling, and storage losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of North American processing and packaging losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of North American distribution and retail losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breakdown of North American consumer losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| per capita food waste in different parts of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some waste harvest drivers |
|
Definition
-Waeather/disease
-Market conditions
-Buyer quality standards
-Labor shortages |
|
|
Term
| how weather/disease is a waste harvest driver |
|
Definition
| Natural phenomena harm crops and lead to excess planting to hedge against this risk. |
|
|
Term
| how market conditions are a waste harvest driver |
|
Definition
| A crop’s price at time of harvest may not warrant the labor and transport costs required to bring the product to market. |
|
|
Term
| how buyer quality standards are a waste harvest driver |
|
Definition
| Selective harvest for minimum quality standards and shelf life leads to crops’ being left in the field. |
|
|
Term
| how labor shortages are a waste harvest driver |
|
Definition
| Where harvest timing is critical, a labor shortage leads to lower harvest rate. Food safety scares. Public fear related to food safety for specific products can lead to huge losses. |
|
|
Term
| some waste harvest solutions |
|
Definition
-Revision of quality standards to encompass wider array of appearances
-Expansion of secondary markets for items with cosmetic damage
-Farm-level food recovery via paid “concurrent picking”
-Regulatory measures that incentivize complete harvest
-Regional food networks, leading to less transport and likely less culling for short-lived and damaged products |
|
|
Term
| how trimming is a waste processing driver |
|
Definition
| This includes removal of both edible portions (peels, skin, fat) and inedible portions (bones, pits, etc.). |
|
|
Term
| how processing efficiency is a waste processing driver |
|
Definition
| While most operations are quite efficient, some steps may lose more food and goods than necessary. |
|
|
Term
| some waste processing drivers |
|
Definition
-Trimming
-Processing efficiency |
|
|
Term
| some waste processing solutions |
|
Definition
| -Reengineering production processes and product designs -Secondary uses for trimmings, byproducts and peels where not already being employed |
|
|
Term
| some waste distribution drivers |
|
Definition
-improper handling
-inconsistent refrigeration
-rejected shipments |
|
|
Term
| how improper handling is a waste distribution driver |
|
Definition
| Various kinds of mishandling, such as deliveries needing refrigeration that sit too long on the loading dock, can damage products. |
|
|
Term
| how inconsistent refrigeration is a waste distribution driver |
|
Definition
| Truck breakdowns and other mishaps can lead to spoilage due to lack of refrigeration. |
|
|
Term
| how rejected shipments are a waste distribution driver |
|
Definition
| By the time a shipment is rejected, its contents have a shorter shelf life and may be difficult to sell before spoiling. |
|
|
Term
| some waste distribution solutions |
|
Definition
-Proper training for handling and storage
-Online solutions to facilitate sale or donation of rejected shipments |
|
|
Term
| some waste retail (in-store) drivers |
|
Definition
-food displays
-ready-made food
-label dates
-pack size too large
-discarded product
-low staffing |
|
|
Term
| how food displays are a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| Excessive products may be displayed in order to create the effect of abundance, which is believed to increase sales. There can also be overstocking, over-trimming, and improper stock rotation. |
|
|
Term
| how ready-made food is a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| Increases in this perishable category lead to greater discards at end of day. |
|
|
Term
| how label dates are a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| Products that pass their “sell by” dates are removed from shelves. |
|
|
Term
| how pack size being too large is a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| Inflexible pack sizes lead to stores’ ordering more than they expect to sell. |
|
|
Term
| how discarded products are a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| The passing of holidays, promotion expiration, a high failure rate for new food products, and damaged packaging all lead to discarded product. |
|
|
Term
| how low staffing is a waste retail (in-store) driver |
|
Definition
| With tight staffing, there is less labor to prepare food on-site and therefore less flexibility in repurposing minimally damaged products. |
|
|
Term
| some waste retail (in-store) solutions |
|
Definition
-Item-level analyses to identify opportunities to reduce SKUs or change ordering patterns
-Discount offerings for out-of-date promotional items or slightly damaged goods.
-Product display redesign using platforms and other props to make produce bins appear more full Increased donations
-Allowing prepared foods to run out near closing; more repurposing of foods. |
|
|
Term
| the categories of waste beyond stores drivers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some upstream waste beyond stores drivers |
|
Definition
-Cosmetic standards
-Rejected shipments
-Contract terms |
|
|
Term
| how cosmetic standards are an upstream waste beyond storage driver |
|
Definition
| Aesthetic requirements imposed by the market lead to nonharvest and culling of edible produce upstream. |
|
|
Term
| how rejected shipments are an upstream waste beyond storage driver |
|
Definition
| By the time a shipment is rejected, its contents have a shorter shelf life and may be difficult to sell before spoiling. |
|
|
Term
| how contract terms are an upstream waste beyond storage driver |
|
Definition
| Rigid contract terms can cause growers to overplant to make sure contracts are fulfilled. |
|
|
Term
| some downstream waste beyond stores drivers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how impulse/bulk promotions are a waste beyond store driver |
|
Definition
| Marketing and bulk promotions can lead consumers to purchase unnecessary goods that ultimately are not eaten once in the home |
|
|
Term
| categories of waste beyond store solutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some upstream waste beyond store solutions |
|
Definition
-Increased flexibility in contract terms and grading standards
-Experimental offerings of lower-cosmetic-grade produce to determine viability
-Realigned promotions that discount blemished or soon-to expire goods, or offer half off instead of 2-for-1 deals, etc. |
|
|
Term
| some downstream waste beyond store solutions |
|
Definition
-Consumer education on food quality and expiration (“sell by” dates, blemishes, and so on)
-Closed dating codes on product so customers are not confused by “sell by” dates. |
|
|
Term
| food consumed vs. food loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Building biodiversity can help improve this for an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Building biodiversity is part of this approach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ecosystem is richer: one where there's equal amounts of each species or one where one species takes up the majority? |
|
Definition
| one where there's equal amounts of each species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-evolutionary
-geographical
-insular
-climate
-ag intensification |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
| occasional mass extinctions and frequent local extinctions |
|
|
Term
| How many species are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of species live in the tropics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incidence of biodiversity threat |
|
Definition
| risk of losing biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| Higher or lower biodiversity at high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil biodiversity does this with respect to latitude. |
|
Definition
| decreases with decreasing latitude and increases with increasing latitude |
|
|
Term
| Why does soil biodiversity tend to decrease with decreasing latitude? |
|
Definition
| might be because of oxisols and ultisols, which are poor |
|
|
Term
| Most biodiversity in tropics is in... |
|
Definition
| top 1 inch of soil and above |
|
|
Term
| temperature where there's the most biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biodiversity vs. moisture and temp |
|
Definition
| biodiversity tends to increase with moisture and temp |
|
|
Term
| evapotranspiration does this with respect to biodiversity |
|
Definition
| high evapotranspiration promotes biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| Do monocultures have less biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what biodiversity does to disease carriers |
|
Definition
| high biodiversity tends to keep disease carriers in check |
|
|
Term
| biodiversity vs. resilience |
|
Definition
| the more biodiversity, the more resilient |
|
|
Term
| four factors of production |
|
Definition
-land
-labor
-capital
-management |
|
|
Term
| land pertaining to agriculture |
|
Definition
| Number and quality of acres available |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect number and quality of acres available to agriculture |
|
Definition
-Crop land
-Pasture/range
-Timber
-Waste |
|
|
Term
| factors of labor pertaining to agriculture |
|
Definition
-Days/weeks/or hours available
-Seasonal availability
-Quality – is some labor better suited to crop or livestock? |
|
|
Term
| changes and adjustments pertaining to ag production |
|
Definition
1.Local Harvest
2.Food Hubs
3.Portable/cooperative slaughter facilities.
4.Cooperative or collaborative efforts among producers.
5.Government retreat from farm policy.
-More focus on reducing risk, crop insurance.
6.Training on marketing. |
|
|
Term
| Building biodiversity can help improve this for an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Building biodiversity is part of this approach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ecosystem is richer: one where there's equal amounts of each species or one where one species takes up the majority? |
|
Definition
| one where there's equal amounts of each species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-evolutionary
-geographical
-insular
-climate
-ag intensification |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
| occasional mass extinctions and frequent local extinctions |
|
|
Term
| How many species are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of species live in the tropics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incidence of biodiversity threat |
|
Definition
| risk of losing biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| Higher or lower biodiversity at high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soil biodiversity does this with respect to latitude. |
|
Definition
| decreases with decreasing latitude and increases with increasing latitude |
|
|
Term
| Why does soil biodiversity tend to decrease with decreasing latitude? |
|
Definition
| might be because of oxisols and ultisols, which are poor |
|
|
Term
| Most biodiversity in tropics is in... |
|
Definition
| top 1 inch of soil and above |
|
|
Term
| temperature where there's the most biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biodiversity vs. moisture and temp |
|
Definition
| biodiversity tends to increase with moisture and temp |
|
|
Term
| evapotranspiration does this with respect to biodiversity |
|
Definition
| high evapotranspiration promotes biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| Do monocultures have less biodiversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what biodiversity does to disease carriers |
|
Definition
| high biodiversity tends to keep disease carriers in check |
|
|
Term
| biodiversity vs. resilience |
|
Definition
| the more biodiversity, the more resilient |
|
|
Term
| four factors of production |
|
Definition
-land
-labor
-capital
-management |
|
|
Term
| land pertaining to agriculture |
|
Definition
| Number and quality of acres available |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect number and quality of acres available to agriculture |
|
Definition
-Crop land
-Pasture/range
-Timber
-Waste |
|
|
Term
| factors of labor pertaining to agriculture |
|
Definition
-Days/weeks/or hours available
-Seasonal availability
-Quality – is some labor better suited to crop or livestock? |
|
|
Term
| changes and adjustments pertaining to ag production |
|
Definition
1.Local Harvest
2.Food Hubs
3.Portable/cooperative slaughter facilities.
4.Cooperative or collaborative efforts among producers.
5.Government retreat from farm policy.
-More focus on reducing risk, crop insurance.
6.Training on marketing. |
|
|
Term
| values regarding management |
|
Definition
SIFU
-intrinsic
-utilitarian
-serependic
-functional |
|
|
Term
| Why is a more biodiverse habitat more resilient? |
|
Definition
| because it's more likely to make an adjustment |
|
|
Term
| Vegetative cover can help do this regarding soil water absorption. |
|
Definition
| can help improve soil water absorption |
|
|
Term
| the feedback you want for actors |
|
Definition
| positive feedback for good actors and negative feedback for bad actors |
|
|
Term
| Is diversity of diet important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way to improve the diversity of diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Having a diverse food web means this for pests. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Having a balanced and diverse microbial system means this for disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different crops means this for results. |
|
Definition
| more opportunity for success and less opportunity for failure |
|
|
Term
| Domains of social sustainability |
|
Definition
-Safety
-Health
-Food security
-Equity
-Connectedness |
|
|
Term
| It’s only when ______ that we can actively pursue other areas of sustainability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the common denominator for all the official definitions of sustainability |
|
Definition
| access to food and nutrition such that people can live active and healthy lives |
|
|
Term
| This country could be the perfect storm for food insecurity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reduction of tariffs in the 1990’s led to this for Haiti. |
|
Definition
| Haiti importing most of its rice and most of its food |
|
|
Term
| Most of the funding for Food Aid is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short term solution for Haiti's food crisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long term solution for Haiti's food crisis |
|
Definition
| Haiti producing its own food |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate objective of food aid should be... |
|
Definition
| to eliminate the need for food aid |
|
|
Term
| the kind of control Haitian farmers want |
|
Definition
| Farmers in Haiti want to control what happens to native crops in Haiti |
|
|
Term
| Can plant species biodiversity have an impact on sustainability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do different plants have different root structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things to consider for plant biodiversity |
|
Definition
-Root systems
-How they get along
-Canopy
-Chickory can help build porosity in soil
-Rye grass can help get nitrates in the system
-Managing water, sunlight, and nutrition |
|
|
Term
| When you add plant diversity, you also add this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basil might do this for tomatoes. |
|
Definition
| fend off tomato horn worm |
|
|
Term
| name a plant with allelopathic properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When doing intercropping, you gotta know... |
|
Definition
| what the properties of the different crops are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this context, it refers to fungi that consume nitrogen fixing bacteria and other things that might provide the same functions |
|
|
Term
| how connectedness can be bad |
|
Definition
| if it facilitates the spread of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| 2 plants that attract natural enemies to pests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As tomatoes get bigger, they do this for lettuce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does cereal rye have allelopathic properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cereal rye do regarding environment? |
|
Definition
| It affects its environment and what it wants to coexist with |
|
|
Term
| push-pull regarding agriculture |
|
Definition
combo of attractant and deterrent
Pushes it away from the crop and holds on to it |
|
|
Term
| one of the best ways to feed the pollinators all year long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should riparian buffers be harvestable and cycling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how chinaberry can function as an insecticide |
|
Definition
| in boiled form and the fumes are incredibly toxic to pests, but still disrupts soil biota |
|
|
Term
| what big fibrous root system does regarding water and erosion |
|
Definition
-slows down water
-reduces erosion |
|
|
Term
| Pruning legumes induces... |
|
Definition
| release of nitrogen into the soil |
|
|
Term
| Do rivers leave terraces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one good effect of roots breaking thru the hard pan |
|
Definition
| can help increase water holding capacity |
|
|
Term
| For predators to work, you have to... |
|
Definition
| make sure they have a similar life cycle to their prey |
|
|
Term
| Regarding diversity, reductionists ask... |
|
Definition
| What are the problems the farmer faces and how can I help solve them? |
|
|
Term
| Regarding diversity, holists ask... |
|
Definition
How can we manage the agroecosystem to prevent problems from arising in the first place?
or
Where are we and where do we go next? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantity of plant and animal species found in a given environment. |
|
|
Term
| these are also considered types of biodiversity |
|
Definition
-habitat diversity
-genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety of places where organisms live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety of traits expressed within a species |
|
|
Term
| Biodiversity is often measured as... |
|
Definition
| species abundance and richness |
|
|
Term
| patterns by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
•Evolutionary pattern
•Geographical pattern
•Insular
•Climate
•Agricultural Intensification |
|
|
Term
| Why might species diversity manifest in Patterns? |
|
Definition
1. These patterns are a result of community structures or
2. membership in ecological communities were limited by:
Competition,
Predation, and
Mutualism |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
Tends to increase and then undergo massive and rapid extinctions at periodic intervals
•Extinction is a major fact of biology
•While the massive extinctions associated with the end of each geological period are truly spectacular, a more important fact is that local extinctions occur all the time.
•These local extinctions are an important part of the ecological side of our story |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular organisms arrived... [when?] |
|
Definition
| about 1 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
| advantage of being multicellular |
|
Definition
| Multicellular organisms that developed cell-to-cell communication flourished …. Were able to adapt and sustain! |
|
|
Term
| severity of today’s rate of extinction |
|
Definition
| on the order of past mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| How many species are there on Earth? |
|
Definition
Estimated 3-30 million species
on Earth |
|
|
Term
| How many species live in tropical regions? |
|
Definition
| 50-90% of the world’s species |
|
|
Term
| geographical pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
| Biodiversity tends to increase with decreasing latitude and altitude |
|
|
Term
| geographic pattern of soil biodiversity |
|
Definition
| It decreases with decreasing latitude |
|
|
Term
| climate pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
-Biodiversity increases with increased Temperature and Moisture
-biodiversity peaks at mean air temp of 14°C (57°F) |
|
|
Term
| biodiversity vs. evapotranspiration |
|
Definition
| the more evapotranspiration, the more tree species richness |
|
|
Term
| evapotranspiration vs. biodiversity |
|
Definition
| high evapotranspiration promotes biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| insular pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
| Tends to decrease on islands when the islands is smaller or more distant from the mainland |
|
|
Term
| intensification pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
| Tends to decrease as the intensity of ecosystems management increases |
|
|
Term
| Odum said this about biodiversity in agroecosystems |
|
Definition
| Diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| management intensity vs. biodiversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| values pertaining to biodiversity |
|
Definition
SIFU
Intrinsic, Utilitarian, Serependic, and Functional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprises cultural, social, aesthetic, and ethical benefits (non-use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsistence and commercial benefits of species or their genes derived by one or more sectors or societies (direct or primary use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| future yet unknown value to future generations (bequest opportunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contributes to ecosystem life support functions and the preservation of ecological structure and integrity (support)
Contributes to well-being of the ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| why biodiversity is important |
|
Definition
contributes to ecosystem life support functions and the preservation of ecological structure and integrity (support)
Contributes to well-being of the ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| the 7 principles of building resilience in social and ecological systems |
|
Definition
1) maintain diversity and redundancy,
2) manage connectivity,
3) manage slow variables and feedbacks,
4) foster complex adaptive systems thinking,
5) encourage learning,
6) broaden participation, and
7) promote polycentric governance systems. |
|
|
Term
| how to maintain diversity and redundancy |
|
Definition
•Ecologically to maintain Ecosystem Services
•But as well to maintain economic resilience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to build biodiversity and resilience |
|
|
Term
| positive spatial auto correlation |
|
Definition
| those things closer together are most similar |
|
|
Term
| negative spatial auto correlation |
|
Definition
| those things close together are least similar |
|
|
Term
| The major opportunity for both maintaining ecosystem services and biodiversity outside conservation areas lies in... |
|
Definition
| promoting diversity of land-use at the landscape and farm scale rather than at the field scale. |
|
|
Term
| diversity in agroecosystems vs. biodiversity |
|
Definition
| As diversity in Agroecosystems goes up Biodiversity Goes up! |
|
|
Term
| How can we manage slow variables and feedbacks? |
|
Definition
| The key challenge in managing slow variables and feedback is identifying the key slow variables and feedbacks that maintain the social-ecological regimes which produce desired ecosystem services, and identifying where the critical thresholds lie that can lead to a reconfiguration of the system. |
|
|
Term
| Once the slow variables and feedbacks are known, even tentatively, the following guidelines can be applied: |
|
Definition
•Strengthen feedbacks that maintain desirable regimes.
•Monitor important slow variables.
•Establish governance structures that can respond to monitoring information. |
|
|
Term
| why biodiversity enhances ecosystem function |
|
Definition
| different species or genotypes perform slightly different functions (have different niches) |
|
|
Term
| how biodiversity is neutral or negative |
|
Definition
| there are many more species than there are functions and thus redundancy is built into the system |
|
|
Term
| how redundancy is built into a system |
|
Definition
| Biodiversity is neutral or negative in that there are many more species than there are functions |
|
|
Term
| another reason biodiversity enhances ecosystem function |
|
Definition
| those components that appear redundant at one point in time become important when some environmental change occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variation within and between species populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species richness, that is the number of species in a site, habitat, ecological zone or at global scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diversity of assemblages (and their environment) over a defined landscape, ecological zone or at global scale |
|
|
Term
| some positives for biodiversity |
|
Definition
1.Not all your eggs are in one basket or more opportunity to reap a successful harvest
2.Having a diverse food web for predation of pests
3.Having a diverse and balanced microbial community results in less disease
4.Different crops equals more opportunity for success and less risk of loosing everything
5.Human nutrition is improved with a more diverse diet
6.Multispecies results in more opportunity for survivability
7.More biodiversity more products to sell
8.Biodiversity helps build soil fertility rotating cover crops
9.Without biodiversity we would create a bottleneck by reducing our ability to recover from a vector that takes out that monocrop
10.If only one source of seed then that source becomes the only choice and can dictate price for that seed. |
|
|
Term
| a positive of having a diverse food web |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a positive of having a diverse and balanced microbial community |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multispecies results in... |
|
Definition
| more opportunity for survivability |
|
|
Term
| how biodiversity helps build soil fertility |
|
Definition
| Biodiversity helps build soil fertility rotating cover crops |
|
|
Term
| What would happen without biodiversity? |
|
Definition
| Without biodiversity we would create a bottleneck by reducing our ability to recover from a vector that takes out that monocrop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variety of species or the number of different species (or genera, families, etc.). |
|
|
Term
| numerical species richness |
|
Definition
| number of species per specified number of individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of species per unit area |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using species richness |
|
Definition
| because it does not account for relative abundance, it is often not sensitive to environmental disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relative abundance of species |
|
|
Term
| some ways to Build Plant Species Diversity |
|
Definition
• Plant crop mixtures and multiple crop varieties
• Include beneficial flowers, perennials, hedgerows or areas of uncultivated land.
• Provide nesting areas for pollinators.
• Incorporate cover crops.
• Reduce tillage.
• Increase organic matter. |
|
|
Term
| 3 groups of Principles for Managing Agroecosystems |
|
Definition
1. Soil/Plant to Field levels
2.Field and Immediate surroundings
3. Field and landscape levels |
|
|
Term
| example of disruption of temporal cycle |
|
Definition
| Crop rotation with non-host crop |
|
|
Term
| why it's good to rotate crops with non-host crop |
|
Definition
| reduces the soil-borne pathogen inoculums or the pest carry-over population |
|
|
Term
| limitation of crop rotation with non-host crop |
|
Definition
| not suitable for pathogens and pests with a broad host range, high dispersal ability or long-lived forms in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis (ascomycota), is a major root-rot pathogen of cereals and grasses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chemical inhibition of one species by another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotic components produced/released in the soil by some plants directly affect feeding/infection/attachment ability of pests or pathogens on crop host plants |
|
|
Term
| limitation of allelopathy |
|
Definition
| Depending on the cultivar used, the opposite effect may be observed |
|
|
Term
| example of soil suppressiveness via enhanced diversity/activity of soil biota |
|
Definition
Organic material derived from PSD plants increases the general level of microbial activity, and the more microbes there are in the soil the greater the chances that some of them will be antagonistic to pathogens
More microbial activity leading to less disease |
|
|
Term
| limitation of soil suppressiveness via enhanced diversity/activity of soil biota |
|
Definition
| The TAD phenomenon on wheat provides a counterexample of this principle |
|
|
Term
| example of Physiological resistance via improved crop nutrition |
|
Definition
| Varied crop rotations or intercrops contribute to better crop nutrition thanks to minerals derived from the decomposition of organic matter, which has a positive effect on crop resistance to pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| limitation of physiological resistance via improved crop nutrition |
|
Definition
| Good host nitrogen nutrition favors the development of biotrophic fungi |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms of the pests and diseases at Soil/Plant to Field levels |
|
Definition
-Disruption of temporal cycle
-Allelopathy
-Soil suppressiveness via enhanced diversity/activity of soil biota
-Physiological resistance via improved crop nutrition |
|
|
Term
| use of Plant Species Diversity at the Soil/Plant to Field levels done via... |
|
Definition
| crop rotation, intercropping, Direct seeding and agroforestry |
|
|
Term
| use of Plant Species Diversity at the Field and Immediate surroundings done via... |
|
Definition
| Intercropping, Direct seeding, and perimeter cropping |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms of the pests and diseases at the Field and Immediate surroundings |
|
Definition
-Disruption of the spatial cycle
-Resource dilution
-Deterrent diversion
-Stimulant diversion |
|
|
Term
| example of disruption of the spatial cycle |
|
Definition
| Separation of hosts and non-hosts limits the spread of pathogens and pests |
|
|
Term
| limitation of disruption of the spatial cycle |
|
Definition
| This is not suitable for pests/pathogens with a broad host range and/or high dispersal ability |
|
|
Term
| List of Negatives for Biodiversity |
|
Definition
| Who is going to do all the monitoring |
|
|
Term
| example of resource dilution |
|
Definition
In polycultures, crop plants are less visible/exposed than in monocultures and therefore generally support lower specialist or oligophagous herbivore loads
Polyculture helps to hide target crops |
|
|
Term
| limitation of resource dilution |
|
Definition
| This is limited by competition by non-productive plants for resources with the main crop |
|
|
Term
| example of deterrent diversion |
|
Definition
| Repellent semiochemicals produced by a plant that is intercropped or undersown result in bottom-up effects against pests of the main crop |
|
|
Term
| limitation of deterrent diversion |
|
Definition
| This process may also attract non-target pests to the crop |
|
|
Term
| example of stimulant diversion |
|
Definition
Pests are attracted to associated plants and are less likely to wander into the main crop; natural enemies are attracted on the crop and control pests
Pests attracted to associated crop
Natural enemies attracted to crop |
|
|
Term
| limitation of stimulant diversion |
|
Definition
| Trap plants may turn from “sinks” into “sources” of pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change things up often, never planting the same crop in the same location |
|
|
Term
| natural enemies to aphids |
|
Definition
| ladybugs, hoverfly larvae, parasitic wasps, aphid midge larvae and lacewings |
|
|
Term
| relationship between tomatoes and lettuce |
|
Definition
-Tomatoes follow lettuce
-Head start on the tomatoes
-Lettuce acts as cover and reduces competition for weeds and dilute |
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of intercropping |
|
Definition
-Cotton/ Peanuts
-Early leaf spot was lower in peanut/cotton intercrop than in the unsprayed peanut monocrop, but higher than in the sprayed peanut monocrop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity |
|
|
Term
| use of Plant Species Diversity at Field and landscape levels done via... |
|
Definition
| Intercropping, direct seeding, Perimeter cropping, non-crop field margins and strips, agroforestry and landscape fragmentation |
|
|
Term
| Non-crop field margins and strips |
|
Definition
| Strips around or across fields on which insects can over-winter and breed early in the season. This allows them to effect a useful form of biological control by attacking aphid populations in adjacent crops. The strips also provide food and cover for birds. |
|
|
Term
| Environmental and economic impacts of agroforestry |
|
Definition
-A reduction in poverty levels due to increased production of agroforestry products
-An increase in soil fertility
-Accessible fuel wood for farmers, protecting other areas from depleted woodlands or deforestation
-More diversity in farm tree crops
-Provides some protection against the climate changes
-Accessible medicinal trees and medicinal products |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms of pests and diseases at Field and landscape levels |
|
Definition
-Provision of alternative food to aerial natural enemies
-Provision of refugia/shelter for aerial natural enemies
-Microclimate alteration
-Physical obstruction |
|
|
Term
| example of Provision of alternative food to aerial natural enemies |
|
Definition
| PSD vegetation provides pollen and nectar as critical food supplements for adult parasitoids and shelters alternative hosts/preys that sustain/increase parasitoid/predator populations before the arrival of the target crop pest |
|
|
Term
| limitations of Provision of alternative food to aerial natural enemies |
|
Definition
-PSD vegetation may also increase the fitness of herbivore pests as via provision of floral resources
-Some predator or parasitoid species may choose either pest honeydew or plant resources (pollen or nectar) over-prey
-“Positive” prey–prey interaction, with diversion of target pest predation by a natural enemy due to the availability of alternate prey |
|
|
Term
| example of Provision of refugia/shelter for aerial natural enemies |
|
Definition
| PSD architectural traits protect natural enemies from top predators or provide nesting/oviposition substrates in ways that hamper crop pests or diseases or favor their natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| limitation of Provision of refugia/shelter for aerial natural enemies |
|
Definition
| This may result in conflicting effects, e.g., of ants on pests, diseases and natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| example of Microclimate alteration |
|
Definition
| PSD may alter microclimate in ways that inhibit pest development/pathogen growth and/or encourage development/growth of natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| limitation of Microclimate alteration |
|
Definition
| PSD may alter microclimate in ways that encourage the development of pests and pathogens and/or inhibit the development/growth of natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| example of Physical obstruction |
|
Definition
| At the field level, mulches or intercrops reduce disease propagation notably via reduced splashing; at the landscape level, fragmentation/non-connectivity blocks the movement of pests and spread of diseases |
|
|
Term
| limitation of Physical obstruction |
|
Definition
| Fragmentation at both field and landscape scales may hinder the movement of natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| Odum's four major characteristics of agroecosystems |
|
Definition
1)Include auxiliary sources of energy like human, animal and fuel energy to enhance productivity of particular organisms
2)Diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems
3)Dominant animals and plants are under artificial rather than natural selection
4)System controls are external rather than internal via subsystem feedback |
|
|
Term
| Odum's view of diversity in agroecosystems compared to that of Altieri et al. and Perfecto et al. |
|
Definition
-Odum said: Diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems
-Altieri et al. and Perfecto et al. said: this does not have to be the case |
|
|
Term
| According to Pretty et al., ‘The goal for the agricultural sector is no longer simply to maximize productivity, but to... |
|
Definition
| optimize across a far more complex landscape of production, rural development, environmental, social justice and food consumption outcomes’. |
|
|
Term
| According to Pretty et al., the approach to diversity in agroecosystems involves... |
|
Definition
-building crop production intensification on farming systems that offer a range of productivity, socio-economic and environmental benefits to producers and to society at large;
-using a genetically diverse portfolio of improved crop varieties that are suited to a range of agroecosystems and farming practices, and resilient to climate change; 50 Vernon H. Heywood
-rediscovering the importance of healthy soil, drawing on natural sources of plant nutrition, and using mineral fertilizer wisely;
-smarter, precision technologies for irrigation and farming practices that use ecosystem approaches to conserve water;
-achieving plant protection by integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides;
-bringing about fundamental changes in agricultural development policies and institutions so as to encourage smallholders to adopt sustainable crop production intensification. |
|
|
Term
| “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects... |
|
Definition
-Community diversity
-Successional retrogression
-Primary productivity
-Organism size distribution
-Increased disease incidence
-Applitude of population fluctuation
-Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Community diversity |
|
Definition
| a reduction in species diversity is one of the most widespread correlates of strong ecosystem distress |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Successional retrogression |
|
Definition
| stressed ecosystems show increased invisibility with a shift in species composition toward more r-selected (pioneer)opportunistic species, characteristic of early succession |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Primary productivity |
|
Definition
| stressed systems may show either an increase or a decrease in net primary productivity. Higher productivity is associated with early successional stages, while stress due to extreme resource limitations may cause a decline in productivity. |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Organism size distribution |
|
Definition
| severe stress generally results in a reduction in the average size of dominant species. |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Increased disease incidence |
|
Definition
| stress on organisms reduces their defensive capabilities and/or the absence of biological control of pathogens, thereby releasing the pathogen to thrive |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Applitude of population fluctuation |
|
Definition
| with a reduction in species diversity and an increase in invasion by new species, there is a breakdown in stable linkages among species, a reduction in the complexity of food webs, and a loss of stability, allowing outbreaks of certain species, which rapidly crash |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Nutrient Cycling |
|
Definition
| generally, unhealthy ecosystems show an increase in leakiness of nutrient cycles |
|
|
Term
| Odum says this about the dominant species in agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| Dominant animals and plants are under artificial rather than natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Odum says this about system controls in agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| System controls are external rather than internal via subsystem feedback |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about Odum's model of agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| Odum’s model of agroecosystems is an interesting point of departure for understanding agriculture from an ecological systems perspective, but can not capture the diversity and complexity of many agroecosystems that evolved. Moreover, Odum’s lack of attention to the social determinants of agriculture results in a model with limited explanatory power. |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about agricultural systems. |
|
Definition
| Agricultural systems are human artifacts, and the determinants of agriculture do not stop at the field boundaries. |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about agricultural strategies. |
|
Definition
| Agricultural strategies respond not only to environmental, biotic, and cultivar constraints, but also reflect human subsistence strategies and economic conditions.
Not just about making a dollar
It is about survival |
|
|
Term
| In the 1960's, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| Equipment technology to meet the challenge of successful crop establishment in conservation tillage systems |
|
|
Term
| In 1985, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| the Food Security Act of 1985 passed by Congress provided another step-up in conservation tillage adoption |
|
|
Term
| In the 1990's, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| the development and release of glyphosate resistant crops significantly increased the adoption of conservation tillage in the USA , especially cotton and soybean in southeastern USA |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: topography |
|
Definition
RS: flat or terraces
RRF: flat or terraces
RPF: undulated or sloped |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: soils |
|
Definition
RS: deep, few constraints
RRF: deep, few constraints
RPF: shallow, infertile, serious constraints |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: nutrient deficiency |
|
Definition
RS: rare, remedial
RRF: occasional
RPF: quite common |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: hazards (fire, landslides, etc.) |
|
Definition
RS: few
RRF: few controlable
RPF: common |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: irrigation |
|
Definition
RS: often, full control
RRF: usually available, reliable control rare, unreliable
RPF: rare, unreliable |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: size of unit |
|
Definition
RS: large, contiguous
RRF: large or medium, contiguous
RPF: small, irregular, often non-contiguous |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: disease, pests, and weeds |
|
Definition
RS: controlled w/ chemicals, labor
RRF: controlled w/ chemicals, labor
RPF: crops vulnerable to infestation |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: access to fertilizers, improved seed, etc. |
|
Definition
RS: unlimited, reliable
RRF: high, reliable
RPF: low, unreliable |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: seeds |
|
Definition
RS: high quality
RRF: high quality
RPF: own seed |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: credit |
|
Definition
RS: unlimited
RRF: good access
RPF: poor access w/ seasonal shortages |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: labor |
|
Definition
RS: no constraint
RRF: controlled by farmer, hired
RPF: family, constraining at seasonal peaks |
|
|
Term
| research station vs. resource rich farmers vs. resource poor farmers: priority for food production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where systems consists of unchanging parts and are simply the sum of their parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where parts can't be understood apart from their wholes and wholes are different from the sum of their parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where relationships between parts are fixed, systems move smoothly from one equilibrium to another, and changes are reversible |
|
|
Term
| Systems might be ______, but they might also be _____ yet not ______ or smooth because they are ______ or simply very ______ or ______. |
|
Definition
mechanical
deterministic
predictable
chaotic
discontinuous
evolutionary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where diverse, complex phenomena are the result of underlying universal principles which are few in # and changing over time and space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thought process where phenomena are contingent upon a large # of factors particular to the time and place
-similar phenomena might well occur in different times and places due to widely different factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where we can stand apart from what we are trying to understand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where most social and "natural" systems can't be understood apart from our activities, our values, and how we have understood and hence acted upon these systems in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought process where our separate individual ways of understanding complex systems are merging into a coherent whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-though process where complex systems can only be known thru multiple, different patterns of thinking, each of which is necessarily a simplification of reality
-different patterns are inherently incongruent |
|
|
Term
| the factors of the co-evolution of knowledge |
|
Definition
-knowledge
-values
-biological systems
-technology
-social organization
BKTVS |
|
|
Term
| major ecological stress factors for ag in humid tropics |
|
Definition
-frequent acid, low fertility soils
-high incidences of plant diseases and insects |
|
|
Term
| major ecological stress factors for ag in sub-humid tropics and sub-tropics w/ acid soils |
|
Definition
-low soil fertility
-low retention of nutrients in soil |
|
|
Term
| major ecological stress factors for ag in semi-arid tropics and sub-tropics |
|
Definition
-water shortage
-variable drought periods |
|
|
Term
| major ecological stress factors for ag in wetlands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major ecological stress factors for ag in steep lands |
|
Definition
-erosion
-rainfall
-temp
-soil fertility problems |
|
|
Term
| transformative factors for improving sustainability |
|
Definition
-developing interactive efforts between disciplinary experts and civil society to construct a collective and integrated vision for a future of US ag that balances the 4 goals
-encouraging and accelerating the development of new markets and legal frameworks that embody and pursue the collective vision of the sustainable future
-pursuing research and extension that integrate multiple disciplines relevant to all 4 goals of ag sustainability
-identifying and researching the potential new forms of production systems that represent a dramatic departure from the dominant systems of present day US ag
-identifying and researching system characteristics that increase resilience and adaptability in the face of changing conditions |
|
|
Term
| Odum's four major characteristics of agroecosystems |
|
Definition
1)Include auxiliary sources of energy like human, animal and fuel energy to enhance productivity of particular organisms
2)Diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems
3)Dominant animals and plants are under artificial rather than natural selection
4)System controls are external rather than internal via subsystem feedback |
|
|
Term
| Odum's view of diversity in agroecosystems compared to that of Altieri et al. and Perfecto et al. |
|
Definition
-Odum said: Diversity is greatly reduced compared with many natural ecosystems
-Altieri et al. and Perfecto et al. said: this does not have to be the case |
|
|
Term
| According to Pretty et al., ‘The goal for the agricultural sector is no longer simply to maximize productivity, but to... |
|
Definition
| optimize across a far more complex landscape of production, rural development, environmental, social justice and food consumption outcomes’. |
|
|
Term
| According to Pretty et al., the approach to diversity in agroecosystems involves... |
|
Definition
-building crop production intensification on farming systems that offer a range of productivity, socio-economic and environmental benefits to producers and to society at large;
-using a genetically diverse portfolio of improved crop varieties that are suited to a range of agroecosystems and farming practices, and resilient to climate change; 50 Vernon H. Heywood
-rediscovering the importance of healthy soil, drawing on natural sources of plant nutrition, and using mineral fertilizer wisely;
-smarter, precision technologies for irrigation and farming practices that use ecosystem approaches to conserve water;
-achieving plant protection by integrated pest management and avoiding overuse of pesticides;
-bringing about fundamental changes in agricultural development policies and institutions so as to encourage smallholders to adopt sustainable crop production intensification. |
|
|
Term
| “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects... |
|
Definition
-Community diversity
-Successional retrogression
-Primary productivity
-Organism size distribution
-Increased disease incidence
-Applitude of population fluctuation
-Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Community diversity |
|
Definition
| a reduction in species diversity is one of the most widespread correlates of strong ecosystem distress |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Successional retrogression |
|
Definition
| stressed ecosystems show increased invisibility with a shift in species composition toward more r-selected (pioneer)opportunistic species, characteristic of early succession |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Primary productivity |
|
Definition
| stressed systems may show either an increase or a decrease in net primary productivity. Higher productivity is associated with early successional stages, while stress due to extreme resource limitations may cause a decline in productivity. |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Organism size distribution |
|
Definition
| severe stress generally results in a reduction in the average size of dominant species. |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Increased disease incidence |
|
Definition
| stress on organisms reduces their defensive capabilities and/or the absence of biological control of pathogens, thereby releasing the pathogen to thrive |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Applitude of population fluctuation |
|
Definition
| with a reduction in species diversity and an increase in invasion by new species, there is a breakdown in stable linkages among species, a reduction in the complexity of food webs, and a loss of stability, allowing outbreaks of certain species, which rapidly crash |
|
|
Term
| how “Ecosystem Distress Syndrome” affects Nutrient Cycling |
|
Definition
| generally, unhealthy ecosystems show an increase in leakiness of nutrient cycles |
|
|
Term
| Odum says this about the dominant species in agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| Dominant animals and plants are under artificial rather than natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Odum says this about system controls in agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| System controls are external rather than internal via subsystem feedback |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about Odum's model of agroecosystems. |
|
Definition
| Odum’s model of agroecosystems is an interesting point of departure for understanding agriculture from an ecological systems perspective, but can not capture the diversity and complexity of many agroecosystems that evolved. Moreover, Odum’s lack of attention to the social determinants of agriculture results in a model with limited explanatory power. |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about agricultural systems. |
|
Definition
| Agricultural systems are human artifacts, and the determinants of agriculture do not stop at the field boundaries. |
|
|
Term
| Altieri says this about agricultural strategies. |
|
Definition
| Agricultural strategies respond not only to environmental, biotic, and cultivar constraints, but also reflect human subsistence strategies and economic conditions.
Not just about making a dollar
It is about survival |
|
|
Term
| In the 1960's, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| Equipment technology to meet the challenge of successful crop establishment in conservation tillage systems |
|
|
Term
| In 1985, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| the Food Security Act of 1985 passed by Congress provided another step-up in conservation tillage adoption |
|
|
Term
| In the 1990's, this happened regarding conservation tillage. |
|
Definition
| the development and release of glyphosate resistant crops significantly increased the adoption of conservation tillage in the USA , especially cotton and soybean in southeastern USA |
|
|
Term
| vegetational diversification leads to... |
|
Definition
-conservation/facilitation of action of aerial natural enemies
-provision of alternate food sources
-provision of refugia/shelter
-microclimate alteration
-physical obstruction
-stimulant diversion
-deterrent diversion
-resource dilution
-disruption of the spatial cycle
-disruption of the temporal cycle
-allelopathy
-physiological resistance
-enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota |
|
|
Term
| Conservation/facilitation of action of aereial natural enemies is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-these things:
+vegetational diversification
+provision of alternate food resources
+provision of refugia/shelter
+microclimate alteration
+physical obstruction
+stimulant diversion
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Provision of alternate food resources is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-conservation/facilitation of action of aerial natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| Provision of refugia/shelter is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-conservation/facilitation of action of aerial natural enemies |
|
|
Term
| Microclimate alteration is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-these things:
+conservation/facilitation of action of natural aerial enemies
+reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Physical obstruction is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-these things:
+conservation/facilitation of activity of aerial natural enemies
+reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Stimulant diversion is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-these things:
+conservation,facilitation of activity of aerial natural enemies
+reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Deterrent diversion is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Resource dilution is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Disruption of the spatial cycle is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Disruption of the spatial temporal is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Allelopathy is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Physiological resistance is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-these things:
+vegetational diversification
+enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Specific soil suppressiveness is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| General soil suppressiveness is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota
-reduced impact of pests and diseases |
|
|
Term
| Enhanced diversity/activity of soil biota is caused by ______ and leads to ______. |
|
Definition
-vegetational diversification
-these things:
+physiological resistance
+specific soil suppressiveness
+general soil suppressivness |
|
|
Term
| Reduced impact of pests and diseases is caused by ______. |
|
Definition
-conservation/facilitation of activity of aerial natural enemies
-microclimate alteration
-physical obstruction
-stimulant diversion
-deterrent diversion
-resource dilution
-disruption of the spatial cycle
-disruption of the temporal cycle
-allelopathy
-physiological resistance
-specific soil suppressiveness
-general soil suppressiveness |
|
|
Term
| This is caused by vegetational diversity, provision of alternate food resources, provision of refugia/shelter, microclimate alteration, physical obstruction, and stimulant diversion and leads to reduced impact of pests and diseases. |
|
Definition
| conservation/facilitation of activity of natural aerial enemies |
|
|
Term
| These are caused by vegetational diversification and lead to conservation/facilitation of activity of natural aerial enemies. |
|
Definition
-provision of alternate food resources
-provision of refugia/shelter |
|
|
Term
| These are caused by vegetational diversification and lead to conservation/facilitation of activity of natural aerial enemies and reduced impact of pests and insects. |
|
Definition
-microclimate alteration
-physical obstruction
-stimulant diversion |
|
|
Term
| These are caused by vegetational diversification and lead to reduced impact of pests and diseases. |
|
Definition
-deterrent diversion
-resource dilution
-disruption of the spatial cycle
-disruption of the temporal cycle
-allelopathy |
|
|
Term
| This is caused by vegetational diversification and enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota and leads to reduced impact of pests and diseases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are caused by enhanced diversity/activity of soil biota and lead to reduced impact of pests and insects. |
|
Definition
-specific soil suppressiveness
-general soil suppressiveness |
|
|
Term
| This is caused by vegetational diversification and leads to physiological resistance, specific soil resistance, and general soil resistance. |
|
Definition
| enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota |
|
|
Term
| 4 patterns by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
1: evolutionary
2: geographic
3: insular
4: intensification |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary pattern by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
| occasional mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| geographic pattern by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
| increasing diversity w/ decreasing latitude and altitude |
|
|
Term
| insular pattern by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
| lower diversity on island when island is smaller and/or further from mainland |
|
|
Term
| intensification pattern by which biodiversity manifests itself |
|
Definition
| diversity decreases as intensification of management of ecosystem increases |
|
|
Term
| exceptions to the geographic pattern of biodiversity |
|
Definition
-sea birds
-organisms of the deep ocean floor
-lichens |
|
|
Term
| 2 concepts of biodiversity pertaining to managed ecosystems |
|
Definition
1: agrobiodiversity
2: associated or wild biodiversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plants and animals the manager decided are part of the managed system |
|
|
Term
| associated or wild biodiversity |
|
Definition
| organisms that spontaneously appear |
|
|
Term
| management intensification |
|
Definition
| the transition from ecosystems with high planned biodiversity and more traditional management to low planned biodiversity and industrial management, such as agrochemicals |
|
|
Term
| Metapopulation theory tells us that we should focus on ______ as well as ______. |
|
Definition
rate of migration
rate of extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effectively the sum or average of the qualities of the habitats within it |
|
|
Term
| various types of matrix that connect 2 forest fragments |
|
Definition
1: stepping stones or trampolines
2: classical corridor
3: uniform matrix
4: landscape mosaic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different quality habitats dispersed haphazardly throughout matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-uniform
-self explanitory
-blends in w/ surroundings |
|
|
Term
| classical corridor matrix |
|
Definition
| patches of natural habitat connected to promote migration |
|
|
Term
| stepping stone or trampoline matrix |
|
Definition
| small patches of natural habitat dot the landscape |
|
|
Term
| When the patches of natural habitat are neither "perfect" nor completely "poisonous", the question is... |
|
Definition
| What's the probability that a dispersing organism does travel from fragment to fragment? |
|
|
Term
| the function of every possible pathway in the matrix |
|
Definition
| a dispersing organism traveling from fragment to fragment |
|
|
Term
| the authors' purpose in Natures Matrix |
|
Definition
| to examine what must be done in such a situation, if biodiversity conservation is to be successful in the long run |
|
|
Term
| biodiversity on an island is proportional to... |
|
Definition
| (immigration rate)/(extinction rate) |
|
|
Term
| How do species protect themselves from extinction? |
|
Definition
| migration among the islands/fragments |
|
|
Term
| ______ is something we can do something about to counteract extinction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A serious conservation program should focus on ______, rather than ______. |
|
Definition
the type of ag practiced within the matrix
on what happens solely in the fragments of natural habitat |
|
|
Term
| promoting a high immigration rate means focusing on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| having to focus on the agro-ecosystems in turn means... |
|
Definition
| examining what's happening socio-politically in the ag matrix |
|
|
Term
| the only part of the biodiversity question that matters in the practical sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism's role within the ecosystem and all the required resources and characteristics needed for that organism to survive |
|
|
Term
| What determines an organism's survival probability? |
|
Definition
| the degree to which it can migrate from fragment to fragment |
|
|
Term
| Why should conservation efforts at least partly focus on agro-ecosystems? |
|
Definition
| because the areas between habitat fragments are composed of, to a great extent, agro-ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| traditional "slash and burn" agriculture |
|
Definition
-vegetation cleared, then burned
-burn again after harvest
-soil fertility decreases each year
-the area is then left to fallow
-adapted to local ecological conditions |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the fallow period? |
|
Definition
| soil nutrients and organic matter replenish to eliminate whatever disease agents have built up in the soil and to develop the vegetation that once again will permit fire to eliminate weeds |
|
|
Term
| What determines the length of the fallow period? |
|
Definition
| local ecological, cultural, and socio-economic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Liebig's Law of the Minimum |
|
Definition
-nutrients are required by plants in specific proportions
-thus, a single nutrient in short supply will prevent plant growth |
|
|
Term
| The gradual emergence of the elemental approach to soil fertility increased crop yield, but had 2 negative consequences: |
|
Definition
-disrupting the overall function of soil nutrient cycling
-water pollution |
|
|
Term
| Why was WW2 important in agriculture? |
|
Definition
| many pesticides were developed as a byproduct of the war, primarily for war use |
|
|
Term
| the "package" offered by the Green Revolution |
|
Definition
-high yielding varieties
-synthetic fertilizers
-synthetic pesticides
-irrigation
-led to a well-established agribusiness sector |
|
|
Term
| Increased production allowed the US to feed other parts of the world, but what's the downside of that? |
|
Definition
| local, small scale farmers in other parts of the world couldn't afford the Green Revolution "package" and got forced out of business |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning seeds into harvestable crops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farming plus the production of ag inputs and the processing, packaging, transportation, and marketing of the outputs |
|
|
Term
| The post WW2 capitalization of ag was accomplished primarily thru... |
|
Definition
| the substitution of inputs that were generated from within the farm itself, with inputs inputs that were manufactured outside the farm and needed to be purchased |
|
|
Term
| Ag technological development has been a process of capitalization that has resulted in... |
|
Definition
| the reduction of the value added within the farm itself |
|
|
Term
| How can the loss of fallow periods and the use of chemical fertilizers reduce soil fertility? |
|
Definition
-in part thru disruption of soil microbial systems
-decreases in macrofaunal and plant associated biodiversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-these operate simultaneously:
1: pest resurgence due to killing of natural enemies
2: pesticide resistance
3: secondary pest outbreak (other insects becoming pests due to their natural controls being killed)
-all lead to more pests and prompt more pesticide use |
|
|
Term
| effects of pesticide on consumer |
|
Definition
-carcinogenic potential
-hormone mimicking properties that cause problems
-consumed by majority of population |
|
|
Term
| how inorganic fertilizer can be bad for soil |
|
Definition
-provisioning the soil with large amounts of inorganic ions disrupts the normal nutrient cycling processes in the soil, thus making it more necessary to apply fertilizer
-"fertilizer treadmill" |
|
|
Term
| the 2 nitrogen containing ions directly taken up by crop roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fertilizer leads to dead zones |
|
Definition
| ag runoff winds up in rivers, leading to sea, creating oxygen depleted (hypoxic) dead zones |
|
|
Term
| why the use of biocides and inorganic fertilizers may be self defeating |
|
Definition
| may be undermining the resource base on which ag is founded, especially on many tropical soils |
|
|
Term
| How could Darwin have been the first advocate of an ecological approach to the study of soil? |
|
Definition
| he saw it as a complex biological system |
|
|
Term
| agroecology combines these 2 things: |
|
Definition
| -general scientific knowledge about the ecology of agro-ecosystems -specific local and indigenous knowledge about particular agricultural systems |
|
|
Term
| 3 models of ecologically sound sustainable ag |
|
Definition
-traditional agro-ecosystems
-organic or ecological farms
-"natural systems" ag |
|
|
Term
| Where do traditional agro-ecosystems exist? |
|
Definition
| semi-isolated pockets where the industrial capitalist system has not yet fully penetrated |
|
|
Term
| organic or ecological farms are run mainly by... |
|
Definition
| people whose attitudes have already been transformed, and who are largely unconnected with promoting a global transformation, but are more interested in the survival and prosperity of their individual farms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on the local natural habitats before they were modified by the activities of humans |
|
|
Term
| technical side of the contradiction in the move to ecologically based ag |
|
Definition
| we don't have a complete catalogue of techniques that are tried and proven to work under all circumstances |
|
|
Term
| the social side of the contradiction in the move to ecologically based ag |
|
Definition
| the destruction of rural society has taken with it the knowledge base and labor force needed for the transformation |
|
|
Term
| the 3 main principles of organic ag |
|
Definition
| 1: management of soil fertility w/ natural as opposed to chemical fertilizers 2: management of pests thru natural as opposed to chemical methods 3: increased planned and associated biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| Why have some industrial farms turned into organic mega-farms? |
|
Definition
| to take advantage of higher prices |
|
|
Term
| Organic mega-farms are characterized by a(n) ______ rather than a(n) ______. |
|
Definition
input substitution model
agro-ecological model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| original forest remains, except the understory has been replaced by coffee bushes |
|
|
Term
| industrial agriculture resulted from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pesticides tend to be more toxic? Persistent or non-persistent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What's in part A, part B, and the middle of this bottleneck?
[image] |
|
Definition
A: grain farmers
B: consumers
middle: companies and retailers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mineral
-Water
-Gas
-OM
-Soil organisms/Biota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
45% mineral
25% air
25% water
5% organic matter |
|
|
Term
| What portion of soil volume is made up of soil organisms/biota? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bacteria
-Algae
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Nematodes
-Arthropods
-Earthworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny, one-celled organisms – generally 4/100,000 of an inch wide (1 µm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photoautotrophic, aerobic organisms and obtain CO2 from atmosphere and energy from sunlight and synthesize their own food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi are microscopic cells that usually grow as long threads or strands called hyphae, which push their way between soil particles, roots, and rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa are single-celled animals that feed primarily on bacteria, but also eat other protozoa, soluble organic matter, and sometimes fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nematodes are non-segmented worms typically 1/500 of an inch (50 µm) in diameter and 1/20 of an inch (1 mm) in length. Those few species responsible for plant diseases have received a lot of attention, but far less is known about the majority of the nematode community that plays beneficial roles in soil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some info about tardigrades |
|
Definition
| Tardigrades are notable for being perhaps the most durable of known organisms; they are able to survive extreme conditions that would be rapidly fatal to nearly all other known life forms. They can withstand temperature ranges from 1 K (−458 °F; −272 °C) to about 420 K (300 °F; 150 °C),[7] pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space.[8] They can go without food or water for more than 30 years, drying out to the point where they are 3% or less water, only to rehydrate, forage, and reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many bugs, known as arthropods, make their home in the soil. They get their name from their jointed (arthros) legs (podos). Arthropods are invertebrates, that is, they have no backbone, and rely instead on an external covering called an exoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. |
|
|
Term
| Soils are home to over one ______ of all living species on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one teaspoon of garden soil may contain this much fungi (in meters) |
|
Definition
| 100 meters of fungal network |
|
|
Term
| in a temperate grassland, soil fungi can amount to (this much weight) per hectare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of services provided by soil organisms |
|
Definition
-supporting
-regulatory
-provisioning |
|
|
Term
| supporting services provided by soil organisms |
|
Definition
-nutrient cycling
-soil formation
-primary production |
|
|
Term
| regulatory services provided by soil organisms |
|
Definition
-regulation of atmospheric composition and climate
-water quantity and quality
-pest and disease incidence in agricultural and natural ecosystems
-human diseases |
|
|
Term
| provisioning services provided by soil organisms |
|
Definition
| -genetic resources of soil microorganisms can be used for developing novel pharmaceuticals |
|
|
Term
| Soil Biodiversity both affects and is affected by other important soil factors such as... |
|
Definition
-Soil Organic Matter
-Soil Aggregates
-Soil PH
-Diversity of Flora
-Soil Texture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “The single greatest leverage point for a sustainable and healthy future for the seven billion people on the planet is arguably immediately underfoot: the living soil, where we grow our food.” |
|
|
Term
| trophic groups of soil organisms |
|
Definition
-Decomposers
-Mutualists
-Pathogens/Parasites
-Root-feeders
-Bacterial-Feeders
-Fungal-feeders
-Shredders
-High-level Predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which organic substances are broken down into a much simpler form of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. |
|
|
Term
| how the soil organic carbon pool is formed |
|
Definition
| directly by soil biota that produce humus out of litter and aboveground residues that accumulates on the top soil |
|
|
Term
| examples of shredders in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how shredders break down residue and enhance soil structure |
|
Definition
-shred plant litter as they feed on bacteria and fungi
-provide habitat for bacteria in their guts and fecal pellets
-enhance soil structure as they produce fecal pellets and burrow thru soil |
|
|
Term
| how soil organisms affect the infiltration and distribution of water in the soil |
|
Definition
| by creating soil aggregates and pore spaces |
|
|
Term
| what the elimination of earthworm populations due to soil contamination can do to soil |
|
Definition
| reduce the water infiltration rate significantly, in some cases even by up to 93% |
|
|
Term
| examples of mutualists in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how mutualists benefit soil |
|
Definition
| Enhance Plant Health/Reduce Disease |
|
|
Term
| how mutualists Enhance Plant growth |
|
Definition
-protect plant roots from disease causing organisms
-some bacteria fix N2
-some fungi form mycorrhizal associations with roots and deliver nutrients (such as P) and water to the pant |
|
|
Term
| groups of soil organisms that do nutrient cycling |
|
Definition
-bacterial feeders
-fungal feeders |
|
|
Term
| examples of bacterial feeders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of fungal feeders |
|
Definition
-nematodes
-microarthropods |
|
|
Term
| nutrient cycling organisms graze and do this in soil |
|
Definition
-release plant available nitrogen (NH4+) and other nutrients when feeding on bacteria and fungi
-control many root feeding or disease causing pests
-stimulate and control the activity of bacterial and fungal populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of nutrients from an organic form to a plant-available chemical form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi that complete the carbon cycle, converting organic material formed by primary producers back to carbon dioxide during respiration.
They are the ultimate recyclers of non-living organic material. |
|
|
Term
| what soil organisms do regarding carbon |
|
Definition
Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi are the ultimate recyclers of non-living organic material. These soil saprotrophs complete the carbon cycle, converting organic material formed by primary producers back to carbon dioxide during respiration.
Soil Biota are also responsible for converting active carbon in the soil – which can be easily consumed by soil microbes and released back into the atmosphere to stable carbon such as humic substances such as humic acid, fluvic acid and humin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which microbes decompose organic N from manure, organic matter and crop residues to ammonium. |
|
|
Term
| Why do all organisms require nitrogen? |
|
Definition
| because it is an essential element in protein and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| how animals get their nitrogen |
|
Definition
| Animals derive nitrogen from organic sources |
|
|
Term
| how plants get their nitrogen |
|
Definition
| plants require inorganic nitrogen sources such as ammonium and nitrate |
|
|
Term
| how microbes transform phosphorus |
|
Definition
Microbes transform phosphorus in two main ways. In one, they mineralize organic P (occurring mainly as organophosphates) to form inorganic phosphate in a process catalysed by phosphatase enzymes, which are produced by many bacteria and fungi.
In the other, they transform insoluble, immobilised P to soluble or mobile P in a process normally mediated by the production of organic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how tilling affects soil biomes |
|
Definition
| Tilling to greater depths and more frequent cultivations have an increased negative impact on all soil organisms. |
|
|
Term
| why no-till, ridge tillage, and strip tillage are good alternatives to conventional tillage |
|
Definition
| because they are the most compatible tillage systems that physically maintain soil organism habitat and biological diversity in crop production. |
|
|
Term
| how compaction affects soil biomes |
|
Definition
| Soil compaction reduces the larger pores and pathways, thus reducing the amount of suitable habitat for soil organisms. It also can move the soil toward anaerobic conditions, which change the types and distribution of soil organisms in the food web. Gaps in the food web induce nutrient deficiencies to plants and reduce root growth. |
|
|
Term
| how pest control affects soil biomes |
|
Definition
| Pesticides that kill insects also kill the organisms carried by them. If important organisms die, consider replacing them. Plant-damaging organisms usually increase when beneficial soil organisms decrease. Beneficial predator organisms serve to check and balance various pest species. Herbicides and foliar insecticides applied at recommended rates have a small impact on soil organisms. Fungicides and fumigants have a much greater impact on soil organisms |
|
|
Term
| good alternative to pest control and why it is |
|
Definition
| Beneficial predator organisms serve to check and balance various pest species. |
|
|
Term
| how fertility affects soil biomes |
|
Definition
| Fertility and nutrient balances in the soil promote biological diversity. |
|
|
Term
| Typically, this is the limiting resource to biological activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These materials provide carbon to soil. |
|
Definition
| Plant residue, compost, and manure provide carbon. |
|
|
Term
| Other than carbon, compost provides this to soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how cover crops and crop rotations affect soil biomes |
|
Definition
| The type of crops that are used as cover or in crop rotations can affect the mix of organisms that are in the soil. They can assist in the control of plant pests or serve as hosts to increase the number of pests. Different species and cultivars of crops may have different effects on pests. However, the organisms and their relation to the crop are presently not clearly understood. |
|
|
Term
| Mixing crop residue into the soil does this to soil biota. |
|
Definition
| Mixing crop residue into the soil generally destroys fungal hyphae and favors the growth of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Why does mixing often release a large amount of carbon as carbon dioxide (CO2)? |
|
Definition
because bacteria hold less carbon than fungi
Therefore, the net result is loss of organic matter from the soil. |
|
|
Term
| When crop residue is left on the soil surface,... |
|
Definition
| primary decomposition is by arthropod shredding and fungal decomposition. |
|
|
Term
| how fungi can connect the nitrogen in the soil to the carbon at the surface |
|
Definition
| The hyphae of fungi can extend from below the soil surface to the surface litter and connect the nitrogen in the soil to the carbon at the surface. |
|
|
Term
| the role of fungi in soil |
|
Definition
| The hyphae of fungi can extend from below the soil surface to the surface litter and connect the nitrogen in the soil to the carbon at the surface. Fungi maintain a high C:N ratio and hold carbon in the soil. |
|
|
Term
| the net result of processes carried out by soil organisms |
|
Definition
| The net result is toward building the carbon and organic matter level of the soil. |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Nutrient Ratios |
|
Definition
| determines whether nutrients are immobilised in the microbial biomass or mineralised to become available for uptake |
|
|
Term
| The soil microbial biomass acts like this regarding nutrients. |
|
Definition
| The soil microbial biomass acts as both a sink and a source of nutrients which become available during the turnover of microbial biomass. |
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of soil microbes |
|
Definition
| Soil microbes 8:1 avg. (ranging 3 – 10:1) |
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio of ideal microbe diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen is needed in plants to form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
-The ones in the green ovals in the ground are available to plants (good guys)
-The ones in the red boxes are sources of nitrogen (bad guys) |
|
|
Term
| Main Nitrogen Transformations and fluxes |
|
Definition
• Fixation
• Mineralization
• Nitrification
• Denitirfication
• Volatilization |
|
|
Term
| forms of nitrogen available to plants |
|
Definition
| Ammonium, ammonia, and nitrate |
|
|
Term
| Thru only biological N fixation of nitrogen, only about ______ people would be living |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1850, ______ kg of grain were able to be grown due to crop rotation and animal manures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1850, 1000 kg of grain were able to be grown due to ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
crop rotation
animal manures |
|
|
Term
| In the mid 19th century, we got nitrogen from... |
|
Definition
| guano from peru and chilean nitrate from chile |
|
|
Term
| There were wars being threatened partly because of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On March 23, 1909, this happened regarding the Haber process |
|
Definition
| Haber reported by letter to BASF his success in NH3 synthesis. He also recommended buying all the osmium BASF could find. |
|
|
Term
| [this date]- Haber reported by letter to BASF his success in NH3 synthesis. He also recommended buying all the osmium BASF could find. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On March 26, 1909, this happened regarding the Haber process. |
|
Definition
| Haber meets with BASF reps Heinrich von Brunck, August Bernthsen and Carl Bosch to discuss if the process could be brought to an industrial scale. |
|
|
Term
| [this date]- Haber meets with BASF reps Heinrich von Brunck, August Bernthsen and Carl Bosch to discuss if the process could be brought to an industrial scale. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On July 2, 1909, this happened regarding the Haber process. |
|
Definition
| Haber demonstrated success of the process at Karlsruhe to BASF personnel Alwin Mittasch and Julius Kranz. |
|
|
Term
| [this date]- Haber demonstrated success of the process at Karlsruhe to BASF personnel Alwin Mittasch and Julius Kranz. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BASF bought the world's supply of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This closed what was, until 1914, the largest market of Chilean nitrate. |
|
Definition
| a blockade against Germany |
|
|
Term
| A blockade against Germany did this. |
|
Definition
| closed what was, until 1914, the largest market of Chilean nitrate, and shifted the core of nitrate exports towards other European countries, Great Britain, and the United States. |
|
|
Term
| By the end of the war (I would guess WW1), [this country] became the largest market for Chilean nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the United States became the largest market for Chilean nitrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Countries that built Haber Bosch Plants in early 1920s |
|
Definition
1. France
2. England
3. United States |
|
|
Term
| Haber says nature does things that we can’t yet... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Efficiency of a Modern Ammonia Production Plant |
|
Definition
| About 0.6 to 0.7 tons of natural gas yields
one ton of NH3 |
|
|
Term
| A modern plant produces ______ tons of ammonia per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grain yield continued to go up when amount of nitrogen leveled out because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference between the inputs and how much is in the grain yields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| How could denitrification be good? |
|
Definition
| Environmentalists say this is good because then it don’t wind up in the streams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Leaching
-denitrification
-runoff
-volatilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ are critical to understanding the use of nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major N cycle contributions 1850-1900 |
|
Definition
•1853 – British scientists showed that plants needed nitrogen additions to improve yields.
•1888 - German scientists reported that microorganisms associated with legumes can fix N from the air.
•1889 – Russian Scientist reported nitrification was carried out by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
•1885 – French scientist (Gayon) isolated two bacteria that reduced nitrate. |
|
|
Term
| By 1900, this was discovered about the nitrogen cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| N2 being converted to ammonium and ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonia going into the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen from organic sources such as manure, soil organic matter, and crop residues, being converted into ammonium and ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium and ammonia being converted into organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium and ammonia turning into nitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrate turning into N2 and nitrous oxide in air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrate getting into the groundwater |
|
|
Term
| We currently industrially fix about ______ tons of N (fixed as ammonia) in world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the year 1500, ______ kg grain per hectare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the year 1850, ______ kg grain per hectare due to widespread adoption of crop rotations, including legumes, and intensive use of animal manures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the year 1850, 1000 kg grain per hectare due to... |
|
Definition
| widespread adoption of crop rotations, including legumes, and intensive use of animal manures. |
|
|
Term
| 1903 forecast for Chilean (sodium) nitrate reserves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how WW1 affected the nitrate market |
|
Definition
| On the demand side, perhaps the most obvious shift in nitrogen consumption was from agricultural uses towards large-scale production of powder and explosives. Before 1914, only 1/5 of all Chilean nitrate exports were consumed in the powder and explosives industry; almost four-fifths of all nitrate exports were used for military purposes thereafter. |
|
|
Term
| The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in ______ was awarded to Fritz Haber "for ______". |
|
Definition
1918
the synthesis of ammonia from its elements |
|
|
Term
| trend in Nitrogen fertilizer consumption by agriculture, 1985-2010 |
|
Definition
| slight decrease for EU-15, but staying almost the same elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| trend in World and U.S. Fertilizer N Consumption |
|
Definition
| world going up very much, but US scarcely any increase |
|
|
Term
| The key limit to further yield increases via organic methods appears to be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large doses of synthetic fertilizer can keep up with high demand from crops during the growing season better than... |
|
Definition
| the slow release from compost, manure or nitrogen-fixing cover crops. |
|
|
Term
| Regardless of source the cost of using nitrogen fertilizer is paid in... |
|
Definition
| dead zones at the mouths of many of the world's rivers. |
|
|
Term
| how readily available N has boosted food production |
|
Definition
1- Adequate N can be applied when needed
2-allowing farmers to eliminate the fertility-generating stage of a rotation sequence |
|
|
Term
| Prior to Industrial N 25 to 50 % of a farm was maintained in ______, many of which do not provide a commodity |
|
Definition
| legume rich pasture or cover crops |
|
|
Term
| how we can manage for Increased Efficiency of Nutrients and Energy |
|
Definition
•Pulse Crops
•Cover Crops ????
•Management Management Management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grain legumes, also called pulses, are plants belonging to the family Leguminosae (alternativelyFabaceae) |
|
|
Term
| Pulse crops are grown primarily for... |
|
Definition
| their edible grains or seeds. These seeds are harvested mature and marketed dry to be used as food or feed or processed into various products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Beans, dry- Brazil
•Broad beans, horse beans, dry- China
•Chick peas- India
•Cowpeas, dry- Nigeria
•Lentils- Canada
•Lupins- Chile
•Peanuts (groundnut), with shell- China
•Peas, dry- Canada
•Pigeon peas- India
•Soybeans- USA
•Vetches- Ethiopia |
|
|
Term
| Harvested seed of some “pulse crops” (edible legumes) can net N inputs under certain circumstances, such as... |
|
Definition
| Peas, chickpeas, fava beans, and lentils |
|
|
Term
| legume-based rotations are still commonplace in sparsely populated countries such as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can pulse crops mitigate the problem of GHG emissions? |
|
Definition
| might be able to help, but generally inconclusive for reducing carbon emissions |
|
|
Term
| sustainable intensification involves |
|
Definition
| lots of connectivity via agroecology |
|
|
Term
| levels of soil nitrate when you do alley cropping with prunings added |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| levels of soil nitrate when you do no till with prunings added |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil ammonium when you do alley cropping with prunings added vs. when you do no till with prunings added |
|
Definition
| stay about the same, but highest when you do alley cropping |
|
|
Term
| Use this on marginal lands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding nitrogen, this is the most important work. |
|
Definition
| to increase the uptake efficiency of all N inputs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crews and peoples look at environmental and social costs associated w/ using INF vs legume N in terms of... |
|
Definition
–Ecological integrity,
–Energy and nitrogen,
–Food security |
|
|
Term
| Annual cereal-based farming has this efficiency of N uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does annual cereal-based farming have low efficiencies of N uptake (~50% or less) |
|
Definition
| Attributed to the nature of N , timing of nutrient supply and plant demand |
|
|
Term
| environmental hazards of N |
|
Definition
–Soil acidification
–Leaching of nitrate
–Ammonia volatilization
–fluxes of nitrogen oxides
–Overall global warming potential
–Synchrony of nitrogen supply and demand
–Monocultures vs rotations
–Runoff losses |
|
|
Term
| effect of ammonia volatilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| impacts of fertilization downwind |
|
Definition
-changes in community composition (changes soil biota)
-soil acidification
-increased sensitivity to drought or frost
-affected area: local to regional |
|
|
Term
| effects of nitrification and denitrification |
|
Definition
| -production of NO
-production of N2O |
|
|
Term
| impacts of production of NO |
|
Definition
-formation of tropospheric ozone
acid rain
-fertilization downwind
-affected area: local to regional |
|
|
Term
| impacts of production of N2O |
|
Definition
-increase in potent greenhouse gas
-destruction of stratospheric ozone
-affected area: global |
|
|
Term
| impacts of nitrate leaching |
|
Definition
-groundwater contamination
-human health risks
-eventual fertilization and eutrophication of estuarine and marine ecosystems
-soil acidification
-affected area: local to regional |
|
|
Term
| regarding runaway nitrogen: riparian zones can do this. |
|
Definition
| accumulate nutrients and such |
|
|
Term
| These chemicals increases the net [H+] directly contributes to soil acidification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These do not directly lead to soil acidification. |
|
Definition
-Urea
-anhydrous ammonia
-ammonification of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| ______ take up high concentration of base cations, and in the process of balancing internal charge, release H+ into the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NH4 must do this to acidify soil |
|
Definition
| form NO3 and be leached down the profile |
|
|
Term
| Legumes release this as they decompose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If legume biomass left, this is less likely
Why? |
|
Definition
soil acidification
cations are returned and immobilization by microbial community |
|
|
Term
| This results in nitrate leaching. |
|
Definition
| Nitrate accumulation in soil from mineralization of OM or fertilizer applications + water in access of crop demand |
|
|
Term
| Nitrate leaching results in this. |
|
Definition
-groundwater contamination
-Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico |
|
|
Term
| According to several studies, this may reduce nitrate leaching. |
|
Definition
over-seeding or cover
crops |
|
|
Term
| map of nitrate in US groundwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are some aquifers less vulnerable to nitrate leaching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where ammonia volatilization can be substantial |
|
Definition
| in regions that are irrigated and/or have alkaline soils |
|
|
Term
| problems caused by deposition of volatilized ammonia |
|
Definition
–Increased soil acidification,
–Changes in plant community composition
–Greater sensitivity by vegetation to drought or frost
–Fluxes of nitrogen oxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-range for 0 to 50% while losses from flooded rice can be 80%, legumes range 15 to 23%
–Incorporation into soil reduces VL |
|
|
Term
| the nitrogen oxides we're concerned with |
|
Definition
| Nitric (NO) and Nitrous (N2O)Oxides |
|
|
Term
| Fluxes of nitrogen Oxides (FNO) |
|
Definition
•Are formed during nitrification and denitrification
•NO local and regional with tropospheric smog, ozone, and acid rain
•N2O is global and a potent GHG
•Few studies have examined differences in industrial N and biological N sources |
|
|
Term
| greenhouse gasses that contribute to global warming potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| global warming potential of Conventional tilled and IFN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| global warming potential of Legume-based and tilled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| global warming potential of No till and IFN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one crop that's pretty good at mining phosphorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phosphorus is a critical element for... |
|
Definition
| reproduction, growth, maintenance, and development of all living organisms |
|
|
Term
| Why is chicken poop a good source of phosphorus? |
|
Definition
| because chickens are very inefficient at absorbing phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| Living organisms require ______% P of body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| our regulator in the Southeast |
|
Definition
phosphorus
We have plenty of sunshine, N, water but our soils are P deficient |
|
|
Term
| Conventional vs. Strip-till Systems: soluble P losses |
|
Definition
| strip-till has more soluble P losses |
|
|
Term
| Conventional vs. Strip-till Systems: particulate P losses |
|
Definition
| conventional has more particulate P losses |
|
|
Term
| triple superphosphate vs. broiler litter: loss of soluble P |
|
Definition
| TSP has greater loss of soluble P |
|
|
Term
| triple superphosphate vs. broiler litter: loss of particulate P |
|
Definition
| TSP has greater loss of particulate P |
|
|
Term
| what aeration does for the soil |
|
Definition
| increases its surface area |
|
|
Term
| the 3 ways to aerate soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart of soluble P losses in runoff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can happen to particulates when they're being filtered? |
|
Definition
-would probably attach to the calcium of the clay
-can be caught by vegetation |
|
|
Term
| best soil to filter out particulate particles of runaway P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things you want when trying to filter out particulate losses |
|
Definition
• Decreased runoff velocity
• Sedimentation of particles |
|
|
Term
| some things you want when trying to filter out soluble losses |
|
Definition
• Decreased runoff velocity
• Increased infiltration
• Plant uptake/Soil adsorption |
|
|
Term
| some ways to conserve water |
|
Definition
•Capture more rainfall
•Slow its movement down |
|
|
Term
| a crop that is a pretty good source of P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some vegetative management practices that can be used when a producer is trying to manage forages |
|
Definition
-Cover crops
-Winter forages
-rye or ryegrass
-Value-added forages |
|
|
Term
| Effectiveness of Rye Cover to Clean Runoff Water in Grasslands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Manage Animals and Forages to improve... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| threshold for P in the soil (mg/kg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how animal lure management is done |
|
Definition
•Placed water uphill and away from streams
•Cattle still had access to streams
•Cows with GPS collars
•Measured cow location and water quality
•Shade away from stream appeared to reduce time spent by cattle in stream
•Where cattle spend most of their time is where most of the nutrients remain. Resulting in patchy nutrient distributions across pastures
•Currently designing new animal management strategies to
–better distribute nutrients
–increase forage and cattle productivity
– produce more clean water |
|
|
Term
| how GPS collars are used in animal lure management |
|
Definition
• Log position every 5 min
• 17-day monitoring period |
|
|
Term
| animal management using water troughs |
|
Definition
•When water troughs were present stream water was cleaner
•Adding trough without adding fencing kept nutrients in field |
|
|
Term
| New animal management strategies are being designed to... |
|
Definition
–better distribute nutrients
–increase forage and cattle productivity
– produce more clean water |
|
|
Term
| This mineral can be used for phosphorus mitigation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estimated P loss w/o gypsum vs Estimated P loss with gypsum |
|
Definition
–Amount of Gypsum = 7.8 million tons (1:1)
–Estimated P loss w/o gypsum = 6,000 tons
–Estimated P loss with gypsum = 2,000 tons |
|
|
Term
| this humic substance is most available to microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______% of the current phosphorus use is for food production, predominantly
fertilizers (______%) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of P used in animal feed supplements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of P used in food additives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sustainable P measures in the livestock sector |
|
Definition
| interventions in animal selection, fertilizer selection and application, soil management and plant management. |
|
|
Term
| some ways phosphorus is recovered in the wastewater sector |
|
Definition
-struvite recovered from high-tech crystallization of mixed wastewater
-onsite, low-tech, urine diverting composting toilet |
|
|
Term
| The policy palette, indicating seven policy instruments embedded within society/culture and requiring co-ordination across instruments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical characteristics of manure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nutrient management guidelines part 1 |
|
Definition
•Build up and maintain high soil organic matter levels
•Test manures and credit their nutrient content before applying fertilizers or other amendments
•Incorporate manures into the soil quickly, if possible, to reduce nitrogen volatilization and potential loss of nutrients in runoff |
|
|
Term
| nutrient management guidelines part 2 |
|
Definition
•Test soils regularly to determine the nutrient status and whether or not manures, fertilizers, or lime are needed
•Balance nutrient inflows and outflows to maintain optimal levels and allow a little draw down if nutrient levels are too high
•Enhance soil structure and reduce field runoff by minimizing soil compaction damage |
|
|
Term
| nutrient management guidelines part 3 |
|
Definition
•Use forage legumes or legume cover crops to provide nitrogen to following crops and develop good soil tilth
•Use cover crops to tie up nutrients in off season, enhance soil structure, and reduce runoff and erosion
•Maintain soil pH in the optimal range for the crops in your rotation |
|
|
Term
| nutrient management guidelines part 4 |
|
Definition
•When P and K are very deficient, broadcast some of the fertilizer to increase the general soil fertility level, and band apply some as well
•To get the most efficient use of the fertilizer when P and K are in medium range, consider band application at planting, especially in cool climates |
|
|
Term
| Comparison of N and P Management Practices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four main issues when applying nutrients |
|
Definition
•How much is needed?
•What source (s) should be used?
•When should the fertilizer or amendment be applied?
•How should the fertilizer or amendment be applied? |
|
|
Term
| Timing of Applications (that is, regarding nutrients) |
|
Definition
•Manure is best applied to annual crops, such as corn, small grains, and vegetables close to planting time unless high C:N ratio to ensure plant availability of the nutrients
•Tillage or surface application is always a question.
•Fall application of manures for spring crops (without cover crops) can result in 50% N loss in humid regions through leaching or denitrification |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient Management Guidelines |
|
Definition
•Incorporate manures into the soil quickly, if possible, to reduce nitrogen volatilization and potential loss of nutrients in runoff
•!!Consider other options besides tilling!!
•Watering-in for large- and small-scale Producers |
|
|
Term
| This improves the efficacy of the herbicides. |
|
Definition
| watering-in of Herbicides |
|
|
Term
| How might Watering-in Impact Water Conservation? |
|
Definition
•Near surface soil water content
•Helps with plant uptake of herbicide and nutrients such as P and K
•Higher antecedent water content may or may not increase runoff and erosion
•Conventional and Strip tillage
•When broiler litter is surface applied (broadcast) |
|
|
Term
| objective when managing P and N |
|
Definition
| Determine differences in P and N runoff from conventional tillage and no tillage systems when herbicides are watered into loamy sand Ultisols fertilized with broiler litter |
|
|
Term
| Tillage Systems since (1998) |
|
Definition
–Conventional (CT)
Fall, chisel plowing
Spring, disking/leveling
–Strip Tillage (ST)
–Cereal Rye cover crop
–Both paratilled, 2002 |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: runoff |
|
Definition
| conventional has greater runoff |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: TKP export |
|
Definition
| conventional has greater TKP export |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: PO4- export |
|
Definition
| no-till has greater PO4- export |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: Kjeldahl N Export |
|
Definition
| conventional has greater Kjeldahl N Export |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: NH4+ export |
|
Definition
| no-till has greater NH4+ export |
|
|
Term
| conventional tillage vs. no-till: NO3- export |
|
Definition
| conventional has greater NO3- export |
|
|
Term
| Highlights – (Watering-in) |
|
Definition
•No-tillage treatment lost significantly more PO4-3 and NH4+ than the conventional tillage treatment
•However, total P and N and NO3- runoff losses were significantly less in the no-tillage treatment
•Overall 3.4 times more N and 2.7 more P were lost in runoff from the conventional treatments than for the no-tillage treatments.
•Under irrigation systems watering-in of nutrients as well as herbicides can be an effective management tool to migrate surface applied broiler litter P and N from the surface into the soil thereby mitigating N and P losses in runoff. |
|
|
Term
| Strategies for Improving Nutrient Cycling |
|
Definition
•Reduce unintended losses
•Enhance nutrient uptake efficiency
•Tap local nutrient sources
•Promote consumption of locally produced foods
•Reduce exports of nutrients in farm products
•Bring animal densities in line with the land base of the farm
•Develop local partnerships to balance flows among different types of farms |
|
|
Term
| how to Reduce unintended losses |
|
Definition
| •Promote water infiltration and root health |
|
|
Term
| how to Enhance nutrient uptake efficiency |
|
Definition
| •Use fertilizers and amendments with care and thought |
|
|
Term
| some ways you can Use fertilizers and amendments with care and thought |
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Definition
1. Put amendments where they are needed only
2. Synchronize application with plant needs
3. Change planting date
4.Rotate crops
5.Strategic intercropping |
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Term
| how to Reduce exports and imports of nutrients in farm products |
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Definition
| This tightens the loop. Recycle and reuse nutrients within the farm and within the community |
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Term
| how to Recycle and reuse nutrients within the farm and within the community |
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Definition
1. Integrated crop/livestock systems
2. Forage cover crop systems
3.Barter with a neighbor
4. Use biodegradable waste from the area (neighborhood) or watershed |
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Term
| nutrient balance in an agricultural system |
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Definition
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Term
| lower pest pressure in organic systems could result from... |
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Definition
| the greater use of crop rotation and/or preservation of beneficial insects |
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Term
| Is there a link between soil fertility and crop protection? |
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Definition
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Term
| The integrity of the agroecosystem relies on |
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Definition
| synergies of plant diversity and the continuing function of the soil microbial community, and its relationship with organic matter |
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Term
| Can pest management methods used by farmers be considered soil fertility management strategies? |
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Definition
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Term
| interactions of soil fertility and pest regulation for healthy agroecosystems |
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Definition
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Term
| three categories of resistance proposed by Painter |
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Definition
| Preference, antibiosis and tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilizer amendments that results in plants being succulent longer and fruit later results in more herbivore predation |
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Term
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Definition
•Antibiosis - An association between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. Allelopathy (the production of chemicals by one plant species that inhibit the growth of another) is an example of antibiosis.
•The antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants with low fertility do not recover as well as plants with high fertility |
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Term
| defoliation vs. fertility |
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Definition
| more than twice as great at low compared to high fertility, even though plants grown at high soil fertility lost a greater absolute amount of leaf area |
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Term
| many studies have partly attributed such reductions to... |
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Definition
| to lower N content in organically grown crops |
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Term
| the ability of a crop plant to resist or tolerate insect pests and diseases is tied to... |
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Definition
| optimal physical, chemical and mainly biological properties of soils |
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Term
| organic matter and soil biology vs. soil fertility |
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Definition
| Soils with high organic matter and active soil biology generally exhibit good soil fertility as well as complex food webs and beneficial organisms that prevent infection. |
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Term
| nutrient status vs. pest pressure |
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Definition
| possible link between them |
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Term
| organic matter status in agricultural fields is the result of |
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Definition
| Plant-soil-microbe interactions that are influenced by the chemical, biological, and physical environment, system and climate regime. |
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Term
| Often, more diversified cereal-based production systems receiving lower levels of fertilizer additions contain (higher or lower) levels of organic matter than intensively managed and/or manure-amended counterparts |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases in SOM observed in animal-based systems are largely attributed to... |
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Definition
| direct effects of waste application. |
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Term
| Research has pointed to N limitation in legume-based production systems as a mechanism for... |
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Definition
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Term
| Potential gains in organic matter might be offset by... |
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Definition
| reductions in crop productivity if not compensated for by below ground inputs. |
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Term
| Season or yearlong growth can reduce soil moisture reserves although... |
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Definition
| nutrients are no longer leached they may be immobilized within the cover crop. |
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Term
| Increases in SOM from cover crops can be undercut in organic farming systems and similar enterprises that rely heavily on... |
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Definition
| tillage for weed control. This assertion has been disproved in some soils. |
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Term
| how fertilizer affects pest resistance |
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Definition
| The indirect effects of fertilization practices acting through changes in the nutrient composition of the crop have been reported to influence plant resistance to many insect pests. |
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Term
| Effects of soil fertility practices on pest resistance can be mediated through... |
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Definition
| changes in nutritional content of crops. |
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Term
| nutrients of orfanic corn vs. commercial corn |
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Definition
| a comparative study of midwestem USA conventional and organic farmers reported organically grown (OG) corn to have lower levels of all amino acids (except methionine) than conventionally grown (CG) corn. |
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Term
| a long-term comparative study of organic and synthetic fertilizer effects on the nutritional content of four vegetables reported that... |
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Definition
| the OG vegetables consistently contained lower levels of nitrate and higher levels of potassium, phosphorus, and iron than CG vegetables. |
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Term
| global sustainability challenges vs. sustainable phosphorus measures |
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Definition
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