Term
| What did Toynbee say about the rise and fall of civilizations? |
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Definition
Rise occurs when creative minorities respond to physical or social challenges in ways that reorient society + causes society to flourish.
Decline occurs when Nepotism supplants Meritocracy. e.g. environmental problems |
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Term
| Describe what Marsh argued in Man and Nature |
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Definition
| "...man should moderate his activities and develop and morality in respect to his use of the Earth" ~ argued that we should focus on land |
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Term
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Definition
| All economic activity should be bent toward social progress and this must be achieved within environmental limits |
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Term
| What is common to most of the approaches to Sustainability reviewed by Kidd? |
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Definition
| Concern for future generations |
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Term
| the "Great Reconciliation" |
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Definition
| Refers to shift from limits to growth to managing limits - sustainable development implies limits - not absolute limits but limitations imposed by present state of technolohy and social organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Treat economy as open, growing, independent system lacking fundamentally important "connectedness" to an infinite environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecological economics sees economy as open, growing, wholly dependent subsystem of a materially closed, non-growing, finite ecosphere |
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Term
| What is Carrying Capacity & what happens if animal populations overshoot it? |
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Definition
CC = number of animal an ecosystem can support without being damaged.
When overshot, death rate will exceed birth rate until population reverts back to carrying capacity. |
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Term
| List criticisms of CC aproach |
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Definition
| is not fixed (can fluctuate), is a maximum rather than an optimum, we don't know planetary capacity, humans + resources travel over vast distances |
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Term
| Ehrlich/Holdren thesis - define and explain what is suggests is the explanation of the level of impact per capita |
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Definition
I = P x A x T
impact = population x affluence x technology |
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Term
| Capital Approach to Sustainability |
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Definition
| Focuses on population + impacts; focus on resource base, well-being comes from goods and services produced from capital stocks (K). (K) can be natural or man-made. |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactured, financial, social, human, natural |
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Term
| Define "weak" & "strong" Sustainability |
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Definition
"Weak" sustainability allows substitutability of Km for Kn
"Strong" sustainability requires constant stock of Kn |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of "stuff" that goes into the things that we consume |
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Term
| What do proponents of the Material Input approach suggest we do to move toward sustainability? |
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Definition
| Reduce material input, dematerialization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Biosphere conditions possibilities" |
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Term
| city populations or land development growing faster? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intra-generational, procedural, inter-generational, geographical, interspecies |
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Term
| Why are the equities relevant to sustainability and why does fairness matter to sustainability (according to Haughton)? |
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Definition
| Unfair burdens from waste or conservation can fall along any equity. Unfair burdens for mitigation and adaptation undermines cooperation |
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Term
| Why are cities an important focus for people interested in sustainability? |
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Definition
| where future growth will occu, epicenter for resource use, focus for greenhouse gas issues, use 75% of Earth's resources but occupy only 2% of surface |
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Term
| Advantages that cities have over rural places when it comes to sustainability |
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Definition
| land use efficiency, large enough markets to support niche innovations, distributional efficiency, potential for local production and consumption, transit options, social economy |
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Term
| Sources of biogenic air poolution and anthropogenic air pollution |
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Definition
Biogenic: volcanoes, trees (GHOs), fires
Anthropogenic: electricy generation, transportation |
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Term
| How can cities reduce vehicle use? |
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Definition
| make fewer auto trips, shorten auto trips, high tolls and parking fees, traffic calming, traffic free zones, preferential carpool/bus lanes, vehicular emisstions controls, fuel efficiency standards |
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Term
| How do compact cities reduce vehicle use? |
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Definition
| Shorten trips, make walking and bikes competitive, transit easier to support, mixing uses |
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Term
| Strategies for reducing energy use in buildings |
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Definition
| management, behavior, occupier information and control, appliances, lighting, space and water heating, occupancy sensors, insulation and glazing, orientation, shading structures, low embodied energy, ventilation, shared walls, renewable energy |
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Term
| What are sensitive receptors? |
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Definition
| persons particularly succeptible to health effects from air pollutants |
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Term
| Heat island effect and management |
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Definition
Air temperature differential between urban centers and adjacent rural areas.
Cool roofs, cool pavement, green roofs, shade trees |
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Term
| Anthropocentric argument for sustainability |
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Definition
| based on human well being |
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Term
| Biocentric argument for sustainability |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Auto centric, low density cities |
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Term
| Over the past few decades, aggregate air pollution in USA comprised of criteria pollutants and excluding GHG has... |
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Definition
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Term
| Largest source of criteria air pollution in the USA is.. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ does NOT follow from compact urban form |
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Definition
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Term
| Greater urban density (compactness) is associated with more or less air pollution? |
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Definition
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