the message must be intentionally encoded

the message must be decoded

the message must be decoded

a majority of the people in that culture must agree that the symbols comprising the message have a collectively shared meaning

a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their enviroment

-social=people and interactions are part of the communication process

-process=ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurance

sender-->message-->receiver

accounts for noise:

sematic=linguistic differences

physical=external influence

psychological=cognitive influences (ex.bad mood) 

physiological=biological influences (ex. hunger, fatigue)

emphasizes two-way communication process between communicators-->feedback

communication is an ongoing process

individual can be sender OR receiver

field of experience

simultaneous sending and receiving of messages

fields of experience overlap

sender and receiver are mutually responsible for effectiveness of communication

study of the origin, nature, method, and limits of knowledge

How do we know what we know?

voluntary/involuntary

romantic/platonic

satisfying/dissatisfying

longterm/shortterm

traditional/nontraditional

connected/seperate

1. contains both verbal and nonverbal communicaiton

2. one cannot not communicate

3. every message contains both content and relational information

4. communication varies in effectiveness

5. can by symmetrical or asymmetrical

Face-Negotiation Theory

(Stella Ting-Toomey)

face=projected image of one's self in a relational situation

facework=specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss and to uphold and honor face again

face restoration=messages aimed at protecting the face concerns of other or the self

face threats=messages aimed at threatening the face concerns of other or the self

Burgoon

under some circumstances, violating social norms and personal expectations is "a superior strategy to conformity"

the positive or negative value we place on a specific unexpected behavior; regardless of who does it

1. escalation

2. naviagation

3. deterioration

the way you feel about your close relationships depends, in part, on how you maximize your rewards and minimize your costs

rewards-costs=outcome

outcome-expectations=satisfaction

satisfaction-alternatives+investments=commitment

outer layer is public self 

beneath surface are semiprivate attitudes revealed only to some

inner core made of values, self-concept, unresolved conflicts, deeply felt emotions

degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individuals's life 

determines the degree of intimacy

1. peripheral items are exchanged more frequently and sooner than private information

2. self-disclosure is reciprocal, especially in early stages of relationship development 

3. penetration is rapid but shows quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached

4. de-penetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal

range of areas in individual's life over which disclosure takes place 

-breadth without depth describes casual relationship

-true intimacy has multiple wedges inserted deeply into every area

1. private information

separate disclosure from intimacy

2. privacy boundaries

line between public and private

3. control and ownership

people want to both own and control their private information

4. rule-based management system

managed at both personal and collective levels

5. privacy management dialectics

tensions between opposites and contradictions