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Definition
Antonio Sant'Elia's conceptual project, La Citta Nuova
1914
Futurism, De Stijl, and the Soviet Avante Garde
conceptual project vision of architecture in accordance with futurist ideals. What should these buildings' properties be? Speed, dynamic movement, breaking references to the past. How do we break the idea of stability of rectilinearity. “Let's celebrate the diagonal. Slash idea of basic box”. Building complexes stitched together with hgih speed communication, transportation, program. Void of any overt references to archtiecture of the past. Wanted cleansing war. Futurist movement a little extreme. Ideals survived across world war, overthrow norms of architectural practice, celebrating machines, that had a continuation. |
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Shroeder House
Gerrit Rietveld with Truus Shroder-Shrader
1924
Futurism, De Stijl, and the Soviet Avante Garde
important to acknowledge customer, good sense of her story lived most of her life, pushed Reitveld to challenge basic ideas of spacial organization. Believed her life required different spacial accomodations. House sticks out in environemtn, shock of new, challenges ideas of house aesthetics and organization. Meant to suggest world of planes, colors, and lines broiught together with the ideas of occupation. Wanted second floor open and closed down, panel system that allows one to close off certain spaces. Details demonstrate notion of organization and planes that have temporarily been captured. Lines and connections echo in other places. Gestamptkunstwerk. |
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St. Petersburg, Russia
Project for the Monument to the Third International
Vladmir Tatlin, 1919
Futurism, De Stijl, and the Soviet Avante Garde
structure that would house organization of international communist movement. Proposed immense structure taller than eiffel tower, vision for future. Wanted to convey dynamic quality of revolution, spiral of form as primariy structure, suggests idea of transformation and change. Cube holds legislative body, Pyramid houses executive offfices, cyliner- information services.Pure basic geometries, but form is presented in a way where structure is revealed, ideas of secondary structural systems. Building is what it is made of. Creates powerful image of future/national organization, and sense of how it is constructed. |
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Moscow, Rusakov Workers' Club
Konstantin Melnikov, 1927
Futurism, De Stijl, and the Soviet Avante Garde
Trade unions, other workers' groups, where people could go to find entertainment, social libraries, food. Huge theater complex, through a partition system you could divide building into three smaller theaters with smaller functions. Strong notion of theatre that can be one or three. Strong diagram of powerful building. Use of color to create psychological response. |
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Moscow, Russia
Narkomfin Building
Moisei Ginzburd and Ignaty Milinis
1928
Futurism, De Stijl, and the Soviet Avante Garde
Break down ideas of family in a nuclear sense but a collective sense, your workers are your family. Begin to encourage people to move away from family live, very tiny kitchens, eat with colleague in cafe, create spaces for people to spend less time in apartments and more time in communal spaces. |
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| Old vision of future, reject classicism, different classes have different visions- old order needs to be overthrown. We live in a world of speed and risk and violence, build a new society. Understand in terms of national, modes of communication... |
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| Members familiar with writings of futurists, rhetoric of new forms, designers based in the Netherlands. Believe modern age circumstances require new modes of expression. |
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| period of avante garde architecture in soviet union, loose term, soviet experiment |
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/ Association of New architects/ Formalists
focus on psychological response to form and color. Konstantin Melnikov |
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| /Org. Of Contemporary Architects/ Functionalists: focused on expression of function and means of production. Moisei Ginzburg Understanding material and how it works. Matter of priorities. |
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Berlin, Germany
AEG Turbine Factory
Peter Behrens, 1909
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Peter Behrens. Founding member of the Werkbund. Served as artistic advisor for the AEG company and supervised the styling of all AEG Products, buildings, and promotional material. High culture + high manufacturing. Monumental and powerful façade Wanted to give plain factory building a noble character. “noble factory” rather than a standardized factory |
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Frankfort Kitchen
Margarete Shutte Lihotzky
1926
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Created super-efficient kitchen design. Neues Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)- we would likely just call this Functionalism. Pragmatic expression of function |
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Einstein Tower
Postdam Germany
Erich Mendelsohn, 1920
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Intuitive expression of form Astronomical laboratory with a telescope |
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Bullocks Wilshire Department Store, Los Angeles
John and Donals Parkinson: architects
1929
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Looks as if it could be a City Hall or civic building. Dept. Store served as exposition centers. Ritzy, upscale, and Palatial. Comfortable Modernism |
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Coca Cola Bottling Plant, Los Angeles
Robet Derrah
1939
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Conventional thing inside, however shell inspired by modern steamships |
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Definition
Stockhold public Library, Stockholm
Gunnar Asplund
1920
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
. Fits with the contemporary, but classical in character. Symmetrical. Grand “portal” type door. Looking for architectural order and monumental architecture. Textured plaster ceiling (aesthetic + acoustic) |
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Nebraska State Capital, Lincoln NE
Bertram Goodhue
1919
Other Modernisms and 20th Century Historicism
Known for trying to find a “middle ground” in avant garde, but didn’t want to step back into historicism. Didn’t want to be involved in architecture that would become outdated in a few years |
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Definition
| breaking down a system to make it more efficient. Advcated research in how people do things, using tools such as stop-motion photography. Stddied objectively how things were used |
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| merged and perfected the relationship between standardized components and the assembly line. |
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| New Objectivity- functionalism. Marissa is not clear on the difference. |
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Casa del Fascio:Como, Italy
Giuseppe Terragni
1932-36
Canonization and Demonization Modernism
Fascist part HQ, instrument of the state, no ornament, beautifully composed, modern in its expression. “We do not intend to break with tradition...New architecture, the true architecture, should be the result of a close association between logic and rationality.” Gruppo 7 (Italian rationalists) manifesto, 1926. Extract principles of architecture in the past, synthesize it with new ideas. Building shows certain typology of Renaissance, stylistically transformed. Order expressed in structural and tectonic terms. Frame established perimeter, building works in layers. Inner layer, set back behind balconies, office buildings begin. Architects in 1980s fascinated with order language established by Terragni. Flow through glass skin onto ground floor. City official visible to public. Freaky photo collage with Mussolini. 16th century Palazzo Farnese (Rome) vs. Casa del Fascio- orderly, symmetrical building, geometrical, interested in questions of proportion. |
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Palace of the Soviets, Moscow
Boris Iofan
1931
Canonization and Demonization Modernism
In 1958, the construcion site was transformed into a swimming pool. Soviet union collaspses, Russia returns. See pool as legacy of soviet union, rebuild church. Rebuild cathedral of Christ the Savior. Pussy Riot protest at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Moscow, 2012- Protest against Putin |
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Italian Rationalists
(Gruppo 7) |
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Definition
| “We do not intend to break with tradition...New architecture, the true architecture, should be the result of a close association between logic and rationality.” Gruppo 7 (Italian rationalists) manifesto, 1926. Extract principles of architecture in the past, synthesize it with new ideas. |
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Bahaus Buildings: Dessau, Germany
Walter Gropius
1925
Architectural Education
closed 1933, Design builders, exercises studying color, balance, workshops in creating purchasable items, modernity, new forms, synergy..
Directors of the bauhaus: Walter Gropius (spiritual dimension) , Hannes Meyer (standardization) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Mies designed own cmpus at IIT |
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Crown Hall: IIT, Chicago
Mies
1956
Architectural Education |
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Term
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Definition
Architecture is an art, art is based on immutable rules, the rules of archtiectural beauty were discovered by the ancient Greeks and Romans and reintroduced in the Renaissance, The rules are embedded in the language of classicism and can be mastered through close study of that language, classical principles of order can be applied to styles other than classicism.
Self paced, just attend the ecole until you feel like you have mastered/gained whatever. Studios in the vicinity of the school, went and sought out studio, based on word of mouth, stay there as long as you attend the school. Take parts in competitions, your final project must be respectful to your parti. |
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Term
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Definition
| You know, at l'ecole des beaux-arts, a design project begins with being isolated for an hour, and the creation of a broad gesture that guides the progression of the design. One's design must be respectful to the parti, or there will be DIRE CONSEQUENCES. |
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• Approaches to architectural education (apprenticeship, fine arts academies, polytechnical institutes, American universities
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• Educational objectives of the Bauhaus
Objectives of the "Texas Ranger" era at the UT School of Architecture
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Villa Muller: Prague, Czech Republic
Adolf Loos
1930
The Villa
training as a bricklayer followed by study in building construction and architecture in technical schools. Travelled in US for three years, established himself as a critic and architect in Vienna (Ornament and Crime) (Looshaus)
Summation of work; themes in Loos's career. Client head of powerful, successful civil engineering firm in Czech Republic, wanted modern, expressive house. Hillside house.
Porches and roof terraces that allow views out to city. Character consistent with ornament crime, needs to be quiet in terms of presentation to street, fenestration reflects organization of interiors. Reinforced concrete frame and infill with concrete block and brick. Construction doesn't really read.
RAUMPLAN: His architecture is “conceived by spaces, interconnected continual spaces, spaces are connected so that ascent and descent unnoticable but functional. “Interested in spacial complexity, knitting together spaces.
Great use of color, brought into room, turn left or right, use color to give different sense of spacial qualities as you move through building. Grand living space has beautiful veneer over concrete structure, play of herringbone woodwork, rugs, variety of furnishings- Loos allows client to bring in a mix of things. Encourages richness through variety. Variety of spaces- intimate and then open, |
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Definition
Tugendhat House: Brno, Czech Republic
Mies
1930
The Villa
Mies, learned architecture through apprenticeships, was director of Bauhaus
Primarily steel frame structure with concrete floor slabs (reinforced) Allows house to open up to great views, hillside house. Entrance at top level, sites start dropping down. Outside unornamented, expressive of enclosure.
Experiences: passing through membrane as you enter, theme: minimal enclosure that separates inside from outside. Column grid. Sense- house is held up by columns. Covered system, chrome plates bolted to hide structural steel, reflection, part of ordering system. Very simple section- ceiling plane and floor plane. Very different composition of residential space than Loos.Lily Reich central figure work with Rohe in developing interior schemes. Sergius Ruegenberg. Use of art objects (massive marble wall) to define space. Electric motors drive window opening mechanisms (living room is a terrace) |
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Villa Savoye: Poissy, France
Corb
1929
The Villa
Corb- arts & crafts trade eductaion, purism, magazine “Lesprit Nouveau” practice in Paris with Pierre Jeanneret.
Summation piece of ideas he was pursuing earlier in his career. Clients wealthy business people was weekend place. Site on fairly large meadow, land gradually drops, can see valley of the Seine. Place house as an object in a field. Occupies middle portion of site, not visible from street.
CORB Five points for New Architecture:: 1) Pilotis or columns- elevate the building above the ground, 2) Free Plan (achieved by use of points supports rather than load-bearing walls), 3) Free facade (a curtain wall) 4) Ribbon windows, 5) Roof garden
The house prevailing use of Ribbon windows- likes continuity of views. Also roof garden. Domino structural system, 1914.
Promenade architecturale- ramp and staircase, sink outside, series of pieces of still life, objects of domestic use, spiraling staircase, purism. Move through the house within a system of circulation. Glass wall from livingroom takes inhabitants to inner courtyard. |
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Definition
Fallingwater: Mill Fun, PA
FLW
1935
The Villa
Built for wealthy department store family, wanted something new. Kaufmann interested in progressive archtiecture. Made of stone and concrete, cut out from quarry a few yards away from house, concrete used for load bearing vertical masonry, horizontal cantilevered slabs. Scale shift from standing room to seating with movement of ceiling. Connection to natural world. |
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Villa Mairea: Noormarkku, Finland
Alvar Aalto
1937
The Villa
Weekend house built for wealthy industrial family, want place out in country, where they can be in touch with natural world. Awareness of Falling Water.
Sauna traditional part of Finish life. Pergola Nucleize family- supportsfor canopy treated like simple wood structure, wrapped with rope, representation of craft thinking, slender steel columns gives sense of abstracted references to way of building. Massive fireplace in livingroom. Progression of warm and cool atmospheres. Change of flooring material. |
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Definition
spatial design
Epitomized in Villa Muller by Loos
: His architecture is “conceived by spaces, interconnected continual spaces, spaces are connected so that ascent and descent unnoticable but functional. “Interested in spacial complexity, knitting together spaces.
Great use of color, brought into room, turn left or right, use color to give different sense of spacial qualities as you move through building. Grand living space has beautiful veneer over concrete structure, play of herringbone woodwork, rugs, variety of furnishings- Loos allows client to bring in a mix of things. Encourages richness through variety. Variety of spaces- intimate and then open, |
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Definition
Small, thin columns
part of Corb's "Five Points of Architecture" |
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Term
| Corbusier's "Five Points of Architecture" |
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Definition
Summarized in his Villa Savoye
1. mass of building lifted off the ground, support structure using pilotis
2. Free plan
3. Free facade
4. Long Horizontal windows
5. Roof Garden |
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Term
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Definition
| ramp and staircase, sink outside, series of pieces of still life, objects of domestic use, spiraling staircase, purism. Move through the house within a system of circulation. Glass wall from livingroom takes inhabitants to inner courtyard. |
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Worker's Housing: Hoek van Holland, Rotterdam vicinity
JJP Oud
1924-27
Multiple Family Dwellings
Out was a member of the De Stilj group and served as the chief housing architect for Rotterdam. Intermittend green space, 2 story. Also mixed use: residential, ground-floor retail, library at center. Abstract principles of De Stijl, embracing new, future. Makes architecture not anonymous in subtle ways. Language of dynamic of line and plane expressed, but much more simply than in schroeder house. |
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Definition
Karl Marx Hof, Vienna
Karl Ehn
1927
Multiple Family Dwellings
1,382 apartments. Once again, perimeter of public housing units framing gathering facilities, other public things to create public, communicative spirit. Minimalist, but monumental and loud. Extremely monumental. |
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Definition
Langston Terrace: Washington DC
Hilyard Tobinson and Paul R Williams
1935
Multiple Family Dwellings
Jilyard Robinson and Paul R. Williams, architects, 1935-1938. Architecture encourage sense of community. Tight budget. Dan Olney, sculptor, The Progress of the Negro Race. Subtle niceties- transitions from one color of brick to the other. String course protrudes to suggest entrance. Very tight spaces on the inside. Working plumbing, kitchen, toilet, electricity. Sense of community and dignity. |
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Definition
Aluminum City Terrace: New Kensington, PA
Walter Gropius and marcel Breuer
1941
Multiple Family Dwellings
250 units for workers at Alcoa plant. Ne w immigrants. Brick veneer over wood frame panel walls with minimal fenestration on northern exposures; wood and glass on southern exposures; note slatted sun shade. Interiors very simple. Really nice community, gardens, accomodates individuality. |
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Unite d'Habitacion: Marseille, France
Le Corbusier
1947-52
Multiple Family Dwellings
Issues addressed 1) Alleviate post-war housing crisis, 2) Balance relationship between the individual and the collective, 3) Celebrate modern materials and means of construction, 4) Contact with nature, 5) Comprehensive vision of design, 6) Nurture the spirit
Different colors- individualistic. Modular unit system, ca. 1946 Based on Golden Section and Fibonacci Number sequences.
Massive pilotis; note exposed concrete formwork. Building lifted up from ground.
Concept of interlocking units in the early 1920s. Ginzburg and his colleagues adopted it for narkomfin.
Interior shopping street.
Architectural language feeding off of backdrop of mountains. Place people in intermediate experience with contemplation of natural world. Architects balancing needs of clients with design point of view. |
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Definition
| (public housing, housing estates, housing settlements, mean collective housing at the lower end of economic spectrum |
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Definition
| Scale using proportuions of the human body. Developed by Corbusier following principles of the Golden section |
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Seagram Building: New York
Mies
1954
The Promise of Romance and Technology
- site of railroad. Seagram back in US, wants to make strong play of their business, choose the park avenue due to the high level of prestige.
Mies interested in object-tower-type buildings, dialogue with setback of other buildings, slab steps back from street to create a plaza, which is unconventional for NY, sold idea to city. Create relief to overall system.
Steel system, incorporative moment frames. Reinforced concrete shafts, serve as wind bracing for the structure. Bronze coated curtain wall. Doesn't want raw steel look. I beams there expressively- following Sullivan's concept of the loftiness characteristics of tal buildings. Expressing verticality.
Architectural lighting by Richard Kelly- glowing lobby, washes down on surfaces of the core. Maniupaltion of bright and shady places to create sense of flow. Flourescent lighting is now a staple. Sealed windows; air quality dependent on mechanical air conditioning (post WWII), use of fluorescent lighting, which became standard in commercial architecture after World War II. |
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Dymaxion House: no location?
Buckminister Fuller
1948
The Promise of Romance and Technology
House in a car- Umbrella, aluminum structure pops out with radiating spokes which hold the aluminum skin in tension. Lightweight partition system to mark different rooms. |
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Tropical House: no location
Jean Prouve
1949
The Promise of Romance and Technology
Originally erected in Brazzaville, Congo. Maximizes ventilation, controls sun, aluminum louvres and openings. Not happy with house. Not enough connection to normal ways of living. Represent mindset: Africa doesn't have resources, so ship this down and rely on brute labor to erect this. |
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Christ the Worker Church: Atlantida, Uruguay
Eladio Dieste
1958
The Promise of Romance and Technology
Mortar and brick, no steel or concrete. Complex and high image place. Very expressive dayligiht. Gaussian vaults have a double catenary curve. Undulating brick walls. Damn. Most effective, expressive ways to use brick. Find ways to maximize efficiency of brick wall. |
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Centre Georges Pompidou
Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano
1971-1977
The Promise of Romance and Technology
Wanted statement that art in Paris doens't need to be in JUST the louvre. Want shock of the new. Invert organization of building- create exoskeleton where structure and services are skin of the building. Color coding different kinds of utilities. Mama trusses. Gerberettes (beam hangers) main translation of loads to structural system. Cast steel, which is unusual at the time. Expression to dimension of cast steel. Character of building (how it works) wanted to make not minimalist structural connection, wanted to make us aware of structure, complexity in number of pieces which come together. Shows that a person figured out structure of building, not just some anonymous machine. Thing is a result of process, human labor and intelligence. |
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Definition
avante-garde architecture group formed in the 1960s
based in London
futurist, anti-heroic, proconsumerist |
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Definition
Highland Park Village: Dallas, TX
Marion Fooshee and James Cheek
1931
The Automobile and the City
accomodating cars, shopping district with movie theatre organized around the concept of parking. Spanish, baroquey expression, seeing as positive thing sort of. |
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Term
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Definition
Southdale Center: Edina, MD
Victor Gruen
1956
The Automobile and the City
as AC becomes more efficient and energy costs are relatively stable, new jump to shopping mall (prevent people from walking from store to store in the natural forces. Dense complex of buildings surrounded by acres of parking. Basic conventions: light filled interior, focal spaces (food courts) stores ranging 2 to 3 levels, circulation. |
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Definition
Marina City: Chicago, IL
Bertrand Goldberg
1959
The Automobile and the City
Reinforced concrete core which has all mechanical and circulation. Floor slabs radiate from that. Urge middle class in chicago to stay in town instead of heading out to suburbs. Lower floors accommodate parking decks. Upper condominium units. |
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Term
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Definition
Ville Contemporaine:
Le Corbusier
1922
The Automobile and the City
open things up, create grid of large office towers, accommodate residents in mid rises, landscape of sports fields and large parks, tied together by vast motorway.s. |
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Definition
Broadacre City
FLW
1934
The Automobile and the City
decentralizing notion. Reasonable vicinity, jobs, commercial activities, move from homestead to places of work, shop, worship. |
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Definition
Levittwon: Long Island, NY
Levitt & SOns (developer)
1963
The Automobile and the City
17000 houses. Emphasis on building housing included into schemes. Other infrastructure falls behind in haste to building housing. Demonstrates emerging mass produced approach to suburban home building. Systemization of building suburbs. Idea of standardization in terms of constrcution practices. Carefully calculated delivery system of building products. |
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Definition
Colombia, MD
James Rouse (developer)
1963
The Automobile and the City
planned community for 100,000 people on 14,000 acres, 1963-1970s. Wanted to create much more integrated community not only housing, but becomes semi-autonomous city- industry, places to live. Concept- develop as town with major center with series of subordinate centers. Industry zoned into model of development. Move around subsections by shuttle busses. Town center meant to be picturesque, Each satellite thought in terms of a village- within a half mile of houses. Appropriate balance of schools, churches, retail. Turned out to be much more complex. |
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Definition
Brasilia: Lusio Costa
master plan: Niemeyer
principal architect: Roberto Berle Marx
The Automobile and the City
modernize Brazil, recognized at player on international stage. New Capitol in heart of country. Became capital in 1960, 140,000 people, current population 2.6 million, how cities initial plan linked to intense growth. Scheme (airplane, wings) residentiial forms intersect with heart of government and commercial districts. Superblocks, housing filled in set on piloties, set around greenspace. Monumental axis. View through governmental ministries, parliamentary, executive branch. Dramatic gesture. |
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Definition
International Congress of Modern Architecture
1928-1959 |
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Term
Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, Steven Isenour
1972 |
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Definition
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Term
| CIAM's four funcitions of cities: |
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Definition
Work
dwelling
recreation
transportation
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Term
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Definition
| unit of housing filled in set on piloties, set around greenspace. Monumental axis. |
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Definition
Atalaya House: Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela
Ernesto Fuenmayor
1955
Mid-Century Modernism in Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
Tachira Club: Caraca
Fruto Vivas
1955
Mid-Century Modernism in Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
| Caracas: Helicoid (shopping center and industrial exhibition), J. Romero Gutiérrez, P. Neuberger, D. Bornhorst, 1955 |
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Term
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Definition
| Vargas State (Venezuela): Playa Grande House (or Perchal House), Fruto Vivas, 1954 |
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Term
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Definition
| Caracas: Ciudad Universitaria (University City), Carlos R. Villanueva |
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Term
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Definition
Higuerote Beach Resort: Miranda State, Venezuela
Antonio Bertorelli
1940s-1950s
Mid-Century Modernism in Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
Creole (Esso) Office Building: Caracas
Lathrop Douglas
1955
Mid-Century Modernism in Latin America |
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Term
| How did the need to provide for sun shading and natural ventilation provide opportunities for architectural expression in venezuela? |
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Definition
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Term
| Experimentation with modern building materials and structural systems |
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Definition
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Term
| Modernization and national identity |
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Definition
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Term
| Modes by wich ideas flowed between US and Venezuela |
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Definition
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Term
| Roles and architectural presence of American Oil Companies in Venezuela |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
UNAM Library: Mexico City, Mexico
Juan O'Gorman
1953
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
Ife Ife, Nigeria
(Oduduwa)
Arieh and Edlar Sharon with Harold Rubin
1970
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
National Art Schools: Havana,Cuba
Porro, Gottardi, Garatti
1961
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
Orphanage: Amsterdam
Aldo van Eych
1955
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
Notre Dame du Haut: Ronchamp, France
Le Corbusier
1954
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
Philharmonic Hall: Berlin, Germany
Hans Scharoun
1956
Modernity and Identity |
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Term
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Definition
San Cataldo Cemetary: Modena,Italy
Also Rossi
1971
Modern to Postmodern
, An effort to find meaning in fundamental building types expressed by simple geometries. Ossiary, reads on the exterior as a simple diagram of a building, interior is courtyard, ring of human remains organized around a void, life, death, unknown. Other building has regularity of columns while not being columns. |
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Term
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Definition
Vanna Venturi House: Chesnut Hill, PA
Robert Venturi
1962
Modern to Postmodern
Representation of qualities of a house. Facades. Intense geometries drawn from precedents from different time periods (low house, blenheim palace, villa savoye) |
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Term
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Definition
Salk Institute: La Jolla, CA
Louis Kahn 1960
Modern to Postmodern
Salk Institute. Sophisticated technical piece of architecture. Experience of being on the site. Great care and attention to materials, playuing offo f wood. |
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Term
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Definition
Wexner Center: Columbus, OH
Peter Eisenmean
1983
Modern to Postmodern
recalls old armory that once stood on the site. Set of fragments. History is fragmented. Stupid column in the middle of the stairs. |
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Term
| Jane Jacob's critique of modernist theories and practices of urban design |
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Definition
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Term
| Modern vs. Post-Modern attitudes towards architectural expression |
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Definition
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Term
| Also Rossi's emphasis on typology (of buildings, urban forms) as a reaction to functionalism |
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Definition
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Term
Robert Venturi's argument for an architecture of complexity rather than of reduction
What does he mean when he says "less is a bore" |
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Definition
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Term
| When is a building a duck? When is it a decorated shed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What qualities of phenomenology emphasize in architecture |
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Definition
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Term
| Deconstructivist architecture often emphasized disjunction. How does this idea apply to the Wexner Center? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Guggenheim Museum: New York
FLW
1943-59
Five Museums
Anticipates expressionistic dimension of architecture. Go up, spiral down, constantly aware of the center, looking across great spiral to see others engaging in similar activities. Focus on art, but also aware of collective experience. |
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Neue Nationalgalerie: Berlin, Germany
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
1968
Five Museums
Cold War Era, berlin wall is up, political architecture. Rohe makes building monumental. Create plinth, museum on structure, temple-like. Modern interpretation of greek temple. Rendered in new materials. Possibilities of open space, universal space, De Stijl, aware of continuity. Installation by Rudolf Stingel, 2010, soft persian organic carpet playing against strong geometry of building. |
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The Kimbell Art Museum: Fort Worth, TX
Kahn
1967-1972
Five Museums
Grove of trees part of approach to Ft. Worth Colosseum. Modest scale, room for touring shows, not overly ambitious. Grain elevator inspiration for form, pure forms. Design progression from plates to shallow vaults. 'a room is not a room without natural light. It gives us time of day and mood' Light slipping through joiints, brought in from top and spread across surface as a wash down the walls. Shape of vaults is generated by cycloids. Kahn liked sense of enclosure and the way the slope diffuses light.
Reinforced concrete structure acts as a shell with forces distributed to the corners through post-tensioned reinforcement. This solution was devised by Kahn's structural engineer, August Kommandant.
Idea of room and light and fascination with treeeeees, design process struggle to figure out how to integrate building into grove- plan flanking building with trees and also courtyards which feature trees. |
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Neue Staatsgalerie: Stuttgart, Germany
James Stirling with Michael Wilford
1977-1984
Five Museums
payong hommage to schinkel's altes museum. Architecture of symmetry and axiality. Wrapping of galleries, toplit not window liit. Masonry cladding, juxtaposed against traditional stone is colored steel funky colorstreat it in whimsical way, canopy torques. Fascinating in terms of relating to |
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Bilbao Guggenheim: Bilbao, Spain
Freank Gehry
1997
Five Museums
metal skins, ins and outs, cladding language. Has form language specific to its site, Bilbao- several grids, then hub and spoke.Has to deal with arterial spokes, riverbank, separated from heart of traditional city, has to engage them in an expressive way. Hub and spoke reads in building. Play of rectilinear and curvilinear forms.Play of material languages on the interior.Range of gallery spaces- traditional boxes, daylit galleries, quirky shapes, instillations. |
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MAXXI (Museum of the 21st Century): Rome, Italy
Zaha Hadid, 2010
Five Museums
Not known for 20th century art, Draw people to Rome as a happening art center. Located in more industrial part of Rome, located near famous building Palazzetto dello Sport, Pier Luigi Nervi and Annibale Vitellozzi. Concept of motion and movement. Picking up flow of traffic, sturff. All about flow. Drawings and hand renderings really beautiful. Strong affinity to constructivists. Directional cues given by ceilings, black staircases. |
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| Vienna: Looshaus, Adolf Loos, 1911 Being made at same time Loos wrote “ornament and crime' the evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornament from objects of daily use”- pisses people off has to do with the location, context, and the way loos handles two different aspects of building (store and apartments) Site- public square, upscale, surrounded with cultural monuments. Norm of architecture is to work with a richly ornamental approach derived from history. Proud of historical architecture, richness of ornamentation, residential houses surrounding it have palace like quality. Building begins with tuscan columns, marble cladding, yet simplifying conventions of high style ornamentation, symmetry, pretty reasonable at store level, but then the upper parts are devoid of accepted architectural ornament, apartments are ordinary, objects of daily use, don't need to ornament. He left the facade blank Response: “Making mockery of the things we value!” Represents well how someone can push limit and get a big response. |
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| Buffalo, NY: Guaranty Trust Building, Adler & Sullivan, 1894 - Tall office building artistically considered. Base, shaft, and cap. Terra cotta tiles attached to steel frame. Architectural language of the cladding. Fire resistant, impervious to pollution, lightweight, high labor costs, sullivan very creative and inventive ornamentation. Leaves emanating from a geometric pattern. “The awakening of the pentagon” Attractive facade, enrich our lives, connections of form to our reactions. Powerful spiritual connection. |
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| Vienna (Austria): Linke Wienzeile apartment building, Otto Wagner, 1898 Leaf and Crystal apartment buildings adjacent to a comtemporary. Vienna very traditional, deep patterns of ornamentation. Wagner works with stucco buidling type, working in the rules of skyscrapers, ways to challenge conventional ways of handling a facade. Articulate surface using natural growth patterns of plants. |
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| Brussels: Tassel House vestibule, Victor Horta, 1893 Leaf and Crystal reats iron in expressive way- columns are roots, not classic, tendril forms, takes in metaphor a captial as a point where something will grow. Stencils on wall, floor, and railing. New language. Fascinated with language of plant-like design forms.Gesampstkunstwerk. Hallmark feature of Art Nouveau. |
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| Paris: Métro station entrances, Hector Guimard, 1899-1905 Leaf and Crystal maximum opportunity to make organic forms with ironwork. Railing twirls out becomes lamp fixture |
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| Moscow: Riabushniskii House, Fedor Shekhtel, 1900-1902 Leaf and Crystal Perimeter fence which gives growing motif, avoids reference to traditional style details, really scary staircase. Less concerned with deeper meanings. |
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| Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain): Casa Milà, Antoni Gaudí, 1905-1910 Leaf and Crystal architect like Louis Sullivan, believed architecture not only about commercial expediency, but awakening people, touching people in profound ways. Architecture is meant to inspire. Catalonia proud of its distinct identity, Gaudi member of people trying to create identity. Very religious, work to give glory to workings of God, Ruskin's ideas of truth and spirituality in architecture. Le-Duc- rationalism. Concieved by wealthy couple as speculative aparment building in which they would live, Expression of religion, catalan nationalism, interpretations on how to approach a building using Art Nouveau connotations. Eroded cliff face. Stone masonry facade gives eroded texture. Balconies complex wrought iron patterns look like seaweed, Main court- inventive expressive language, mosiac patterns, textured paint, aquatic color scheme speak of natural processes, Stone masonry columns little words inscribed 'ave maria.' Plan for Casa Mila- service centered around core, living areas more towards skin, light wells. Organic language now applied to creating space, rooms are curved instead of rectangular. Composite structural system: Stone and brick masonry, iron, Catalan tiles.Trying to distribute loads from one point to another, channeling them along each floor to particular points. Roof liine has dynamic shape- chimney spouts look like medieval masks, catalan nationalism, prolific set of imagery. Parabolic vaults built up by catalan tiles. Would hang chains upside down, would trace them and then flip it and create structural image he wanted for space. |
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| Oak Park, IL: Unity Temple, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1905-1909 Leaf and Crystal connotations of forms, strong belief in cube-like rectilinear forms connected to unitarian faith. Notions of geometric order. Forms are expressive, meaningful, technically expedient. |
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| Glasgow, Scotland (UK): Glasgow School of Art, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, ca. 1908 Leaf and Crystal Simple set of moves, needs structural support, rectangular room, but language celebrates quality of the cute. Plays against geometry with curvi-linear forms. |
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| Vienna: Secession Building, Joseph Maria Olbrich, 1898 Leaf and Crystal Art Gallery for secession group, exhibit avante garde which seceeds from rules. The enemy is Kunsthistorisches Museum, built a few years before (Gottfried something) “To everyt time its art, To Art its freedom” Ver Scrum (Sacred Spring) Leaflike dome plays against dome of art history museum. Perfect sphere of geometry laid with organic gilded leaves. |
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| Brussels: Palais Stocklet, Josef Hoffmann, 1905-1911 Leaf and Crystal Upscale building, extravagant, crystalline geometry forms. Complex layout, picturesque, but each part reads as extremely rectilinear. Metal edges frame marble panels. Hoffmann and Weiner Werkstatte designed the interiors and decorative objects.Murals wrap diningroom, made of marble, stone, celebration of high-end craft, balance of leaf-like forms. Crystal and leaf play side-by-side. |
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| Prague: Hodek's Apartment Building, Josef Chochol, 1913 Leaf and Crystal example of Czech Cubism, which flourished ca. 1911-1918- series of facets projecting forward, cornice, part of traditional biulding type, but now the cornice is re-imagined as folded planes. Like cubist painters (braque, picasso) Other things that they refer to,late gothic ribbed vaults, highly complex, structurally interesting forms. Observe and depart/ reinterpret. Cernin Palace, conventional, unusual size of pieces of stone faceted geometric characters. Trying to challenge conventions of past. |
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| Cologne (Germany): Glass Pavilion, Bruno Taut, 1914 Leaf and Crystal “The Gothic Cathedral is the prelude of glass architecture. Idea of light being transformed by some architectural medium and acting upon us and changing way we feel. Variety of effects. As you move through building, constantly being washed with different lights, polished surfaces. Taut fascinated with spiritual potential of controlling light. Sought and imagined new conditioned of society. Leave wasteland of WWI, cities in Alps, light would stream in, better life than before. Alpine Architecture, Night in the Mountains. |
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| Glass skyscraper projects, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1919, 1922 Leaf and Crystal glass skyscraper projects, pure curtain wall of reflective glass, but another contextual factor- expressive statements, complex shapes intended to create interesting reflections, purifying light, not just practical illuminations. Magical quality of light? More of a spiritual enterprise. |
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| Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum: Nanjing (China) Lu Yanzhi, 1926 |
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| See and Seen House: Beijing vicinity Cui Kai, 2000 |
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| Split House: Beijing Vicinity Yung Ho Chang 2000 |
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| Ningbo History Museum: Ningbo China Wang Shu 2003 |
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| Nakagin Capsule Tower: Tokyo, Japan Kisho Kurokawa 1970 |
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| Olympic Stadium: Tokyo Kenzo Tange 1964 |
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| Gunma Prefectural Museum of Modern Art: Takasaki, Japan |
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| Church on the Water: Tonamu, Japan Tadao Ando, 1988 |
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| Mediateque: Sendai, Japan Toyo Ito 2001 |
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