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| Systemic collection and analysis of information about people and populations in order to govern their activities |
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| Not just random collection; working on a population level |
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| Attempt to locate patterns or ideas in information |
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| Inherently ambiguous, very broad. Can be any information. |
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| something about an individual, about a population. Ie, marketing to a demographic. |
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| Want to do something with the collected info. Shape behavior, buying habits, etc. NOT disinterested. |
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| important, but not determinative |
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| Information used to be in silos. Now, police data and immigrant data, etc are all linked. Exponential growth to data access |
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| commercialization of data |
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| Only in last few years have companies realized data can be sold for money |
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| More money in data selling than in old service. Ie, mastercard and visa |
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| once people are categorized, they are sorted into similar types of people. Good if you're considered good, bad if bad |
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| Not a rational process. Change in public-private boundary. How surveillance advances to cover new groups. |
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| 2 parts of security surveillance |
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Objective = greater or lesser risk of something; ie. a robbery
Psychological = do you FEEL more secure. Policing aims at making us FEEL secure. |
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| Anyone. "The enemies", consumers. Better to look at who ISN'T watched. |
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| Corporations, Police, State, Entertainment, us. |
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| People, photo/video, data, biometrics, bodies, documents. |
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| Security, control, profit, entertainment, socialization, innate drive. |
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| Lots of people watch lots of types of people, for lots of reasons. |
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| Science, Capitalism, Technology, Urbanization, Nation state, Mass Media, Bureaucracy. |
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| 16/17 century. Intrinsically tied to new ways of seeing the world. |
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| Surveillance is a struggle between workers and owners. |
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| Scientific observance of workers, monitoring for efficiency |
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| Buildings are built for lines of sight, analyzing done by computers (stocks) |
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| People drive off land and into city. Rise of society of strangers. Density of people got huge. |
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| Deep subjective knowledge of people around us is rare now. Big deal to cops. |
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| Cities became objects of scrutiny to increase surveillance. |
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| Movement to a centralized government. Has nation state citizens. Brings welfare and warfare. |
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| Gutenberg printing press made info public. Invented the concept of an audience. |
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Weber said it was essential to modern society. IS they difference between instrumental and substantive rationality.
Produces an iron cage |
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| HOW can we do this, no matter the morality. Is the reason why capitalism kills, no structure to regulate. Rooted in bureaucracy. |
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| Marx. Planning failure of things. Nothing is made for permanence |
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| Social normlessness. Breakdown of social bonds between person and community |
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| In a society of strangers these are a means for relating to people. |
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| people are similar to those they live around. Can learn a lot based on where you live. |
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| Have consequences, help make decisions, are political, are contested, are performed, are allowed or not allowed. |
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| Domain (what is classified)-> Grouping (these are the same things...) -> Ordering (how you classify thinfs) |
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| People are influence by them, change themselves and their environment |
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| Classified as white/black several times during apartheid |
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| HIGHLY controversial, HIGHLY fluid, has winners & losers. Classifying isn't bad, the resulting privileges are. |
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| to capture personal data of bodies and use this to place people in new social classes to manage or control them |
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| 10% occurs online. often from people in companies. Party lifestyle. Easy money. |
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| labor system, factory system |
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| instrumental rationality made manifest in bureaucracy |
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| Eric Blair, homage to catalonia, animal farm, 1984. |
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| Dystopia, ministry of truth, big brother, 2+2=5. Control of thought. Focus on visual watching. |
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| unnerving future. The castle/The trial |
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Issues with legal bureaucracies. Parallels Mehr Arar.
Surveillance errors. |
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| Interpretive sociology, wanted to bring the personal back into sociology. Presentations of self, Asylums, Stigma. Everything is a stage! |
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| Roles; management of situations. varying sincerity of roles being played. |
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Abominations of the body
Blemishes of character
Tribal stigma |
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| people who SECRETLY vary from human ideals. Goffman; we're all deviant |
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| people who VISIBLY vary from ideal humans, try and compensate. |
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By normals = infer kinds of failings of stigmatized people.
By stigmatized = isolate selves, change selves, more aware of scrutiny |
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| Transformation of power; surveillance played a huge role. |
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| Sovereign power & disciplinary power |
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| king, royalty, court, spectacle. Control over body, episodic, exclusion. |
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| Modern, 1800's. Correct bad person, normalization, targets soul. |
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| bentham, central guard tower. Foucault saw as metaphor for disciplinary power. Inmates COULD be watched. |
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Series of rights & obligations.
NOT anti-surveillance. About info control, seclusion. |
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| obsolete, needs to be made transparent let people know what will be done with info |
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| Issues with privacy lobbyists |
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| all in 1st world. Don't collaborate with real people, but with privacy commissioners. |
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| ignores surveillance of non-humans, doesn't account for tech, doesn't account for resistance, doesn't account for + surveillance, matters A LOT who is watching, spectacle still exists |
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| Corrected Foucault, many observe the few. |
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| cannot attack the whole, made of many little interconnected bits, flows are natural occurance, assemblages are not. |
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| handled outside legal discourse (where privacy concept remains). Closing blinds. |
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| Family was not always intimate. 19th century made family a private entity. |
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| Often seen as being core to privacy. Certain parts. Christianity made us cover up. Greeks like nude. |
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| Man's home is his castle is a new idea. Homes used to be very public |
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| Sex is thought to NOT be seen. Has to be hidden, but free of regulation. |
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| Privacy and communication |
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| More private than ever, but still not private. Privacy of communication is NOT a natural occurrence. |
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Privacy is the right to be left alone 1890.
Doesn't actually describe what privacy is |
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| "Limited access to the self, keep one's affairs to themselves" |
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Decide to what extent we share our affairs
Doesn't say much beyond Warren |
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| Secrecy, concealing discreditable facts |
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Privacy is violated when info is obtained by those we do not wish to have it.
Not subjective, we want to share with some people. |
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| Is a consequence of growing numbers of strangers. Surveillance is a consequence. |
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| Privacy as control over personal info |
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Westin. Regulate personal info.
Problem is that doesn't define information, excludes that which isn't info. |
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Activists, consumer protection, single issue groups.
Transient, all say we have rights |
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| Office of provincial & federal privacy commissioner, private legal cases |
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Reactive, not proactive.
Make canada a leader in privacy rights
Argues with collectors of info |
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Definition
Must be accountable for information, if collecting information.
Must Identify the purpose for which information is being collected.
Knowledge and Consent are needed to collect information.
Information collected must be limited
Information can only be used for the purposes identified.
Retain the information for only as long as necessary.
Ensure information in accurate and complete.
Provide access to data subjects (the people being surveyed) |
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| Constraints of information practices |
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Major exemptions
Meaningless ‘consent’
Responsibilized
Reactive only
Limited carrying capacity |
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| surveillance develops, so do concerns of privacy. |
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| Developed in the military |
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Almost everything we do is observed. Information age, after all.
Information societies are naturally surveillance societies. |
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Everyone is a valuable surveillance target; potential consumer, etc.
Definitions of “has done nothing wrong” are not written in stone. We’re all doing something wrong.
We are not protected by laws and user agreements |
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| largest attempt at categorizing people |
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| placed in a powerful category. For these people the systems are used to bolster their identities (powerful white man). |
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| acting normally becomes a manual chore. They must undergo social reclassification. |
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Not a thing/essence
Are changeable
An interplay of self-ID and categorization
Matter of similarity + difference
Individuals identify others |
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Is a process
Permits change
External is as important as self
closely related to categorization |
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| processes in which special note is taken of certain human behaviors that go[es] well beyond idle curiosity |
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| Watcher's cannot interpret data |
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Lack conversational inquiry
Rely on prior stereotypes
Depend on intelligence shortcomings |
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| tokens of our identity, generate information, let corps into private life |
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| Disappearance of Disappearance |
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| increasingly tough to find, maintain anonymity. Avoiding the all seeing eye is a balance of social rights and benefits |
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Privacy is not surveillance antidote. About individual separation from state.
Informational equivalent to "my home is my castle" |
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Privacy codes (accountable, consent, etc)
Public attitude to privacy is flexible to demands of organization. |
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