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| Ruled that the 14th Amendment extended the provisions of the First Amendment to the states. |
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| Everson v. Board of Education |
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| This decision ruled a state law that paid for the busing of children in private schools constitutional. It applied the Establishment Clause to the states through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. |
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| Established the Lemon Test to see whether the state law was violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. This decision ruled a Rhode Island state law that paid teachers in private schools and paid for books in private schools was in violation of the Establishment Clause. |
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| Ruled that the federal government may limit someone's freedom of speech if there is a "clear and present danger" to the United States or to the people of the United States. |
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| The First Amendment, as applied through the Fourteenth, did not permit a public school to punish a student for wearing a black armband as an anti-war protest, absent any evidence that the rule was necessary to avoid substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of others. Eighth Circuit reversed and remanded |
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| New York Times Co. v. United States |
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| In order to exercise prior restraint, the Government must show sufficient evidence that the publication would cause a “grave and irreparable” danger. |
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| The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth, excludes unconstitutionally obtained evidence from use in criminal prosecutions. Ohio Supreme Court reversed. |
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| The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is a fundamental right applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause, and requires that indigent criminal defendants be provided counsel at trial. Supreme Court of Florida reversed. |
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| The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney. Arizona Supreme Court reversed and remanded. |
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| The "separate but equal" provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. |
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| Korematsu v. United States |
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Definition
| The exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was constitutional. |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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Definition
| Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed. |
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| Regents of University of California v. Bakke |
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Definition
| The Court held that while affirmative action systems are constitutional, a quota system based on race is unconstitutional. |
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| A Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. Connecticut Supreme Court reversed. |
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| Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas affirmed in part, reversed in part. |
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