Term
| 400-650 atrial bpm; irregular irregular rhythm; ventricular rate: 120-160 bpm; no identifiable P wave on ECG |
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Definition
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Term
| ~300 atrial bpm; regular rhythm; HR 300, 150, 11, 75, or 60 bpm; sawtooth pattern from atrial waves |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes include chronic HTN, mitral stenosis, cardiomyopathy, ischemia, congenital defects, pulmonary HTN, Acute PE |
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Definition
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Term
| causes include ETOH withdrawal, thyrotoxicosis, sepsis, binge drinking, cocaine/amphetamine, excessive caffeine, theophylline or sympathomimetic use |
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Definition
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Term
| Atrial arrhythmia classification: acute |
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Definition
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Term
| atrial arrhythmia classification: paroxysmal |
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Definition
| begins abruptly and converts to sinus rhythm spontaneously within 7 days |
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Term
| atrial arrhythmia classification: persistent |
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Definition
| duration longer than 7 days and does NOT terminate spontaneously |
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Term
| atrial arrhythmia classification: permanent |
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Definition
| does NOT terminate with pharmacological or electrical conversion attempts |
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Term
| atrial arrhythmia classification: recurrent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| beta blockers, non DHP CCB, digoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel; dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban |
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Term
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Definition
| amiodarone, dofetilide, and DCC |
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Term
| beta blockers for rate control |
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Definition
| Atenolol; metoprolol; propranolol; esmolol |
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Term
| decreases sympathetic stimulation of AV node: slows V nodal conduction, decreases impulses transmitted to the ventricles, decreases ventricular response rate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| for acute rate control in pts with normal LV fxn; for chronic rate control in pts with normal or impaired LV function; (doses for acute rate control significantly higher than those w/ heart failure); IV is the preferred route for acute management! |
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Term
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Definition
| hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, lipid abnormalities, glucose intolerance, mask hypoglycemia symptoms, heart failure exacerbation, fatigue, fluid retention, depression, bronchospasm, sexual dysfunction |
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Term
| CCBs used for rate control |
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Definition
| Diltiazem and Verapamil (non DHP) |
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Term
| first line acute for pts with normal LV function; avoid as chronic therapy in pts with impaired LV function; use for less than 24-48 hrs in acute management; IV therapy should be utilized |
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Definition
| Non-DHP Calcium Channel Blockers |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypotension, bradycardia, fluid retention, headache, dizziness, flushing, constipation |
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Term
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Definition
| sick sinus syndrome; 2nd or 3rd degree AV block; severe hypotension or cardiogenic shock; afib/aflutter with accessory bypass tract; vtach, co-administration w/ IV beta blocker |
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Term
| increases vagal tone to the AV node (vagomimetic activity): prolongs refractory period, decreases number of impulses transmitted to ventricles, decreases ventricular response rate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| delayed onset of action (not for acute control); ideal for chronic control w/ concomitant heart failure; IV reserved for those unable to tolerate PO; doesn't provide rate control in pts w/ exercise induced tachycardia; decrease dose by 50% for concomitant amiodarone therapy |
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Term
| digoxin cardiac toxicities |
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Definition
| ventricular arrhythmias, heart block, bradycardia |
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Term
|
Definition
| anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| confusion, agitation, delirium, vision changes |
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Term
| risk factors for digoxin toxicity |
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Definition
| hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia, hypothyroidis, interacting meds, renal insufficiency |
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Term
| digoxin therapeutic trough serum level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd and 3rd degree heart block (CI); caution when using: amiodarone, diuretics, ketoconazole, quinidine, spironoclactone, verapamil |
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Term
| Acute control: if ejection fraction at least 40% and asymptomatic |
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Definition
| non DHP CCB, Beta blocker, digoxin |
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Term
| Acute control: if ejection fraction at least 40% and symptomatic |
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Definition
| non DHP CCB; beta blocker |
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Term
| Acute control: if ejection fraction < 40% and asymptomatic |
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Definition
| digoxin, diltiazem, amiodarone, beta blocker |
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Term
| acute control: if ejection fraction < 40% and symptomatic |
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Definition
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Term
| long term control (after 48 hours) if EF is at least 40% |
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Definition
| non DHP CCB, beta blocker, digoxin |
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Term
| long term control (after 48 hours) if EF is < 40% |
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Definition
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Term
| significant decrease in cerebrovascular events; higher doses no more effective and have increased risk of bleeding |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduces the risk of stroke from approximately 5% to 2.4% |
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Definition
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Term
| the standard that attempts to standardize the measurements using an international sensitivity index (ISI) |
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Definition
| International normalized ratio (INR) |
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Term
| measure of the thromboplastins responsiveness using a WHO reference |
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Definition
| international sensitivity index (ISI) |
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Term
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Definition
| prophylaxis of VTE, txt of VTE, atrial fibrillation, AMI, valvular heart disease, prosthetic tissue heart valve |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary prevention of AMI, prosthetic mechanical heart valve, patients with + anti-phospholipid antibodies |
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Term
| proved to be significantly more effective in reducing stroke compared to warfarin in A. Fib (RE-LY trial) |
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Definition
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Term
| direct thrombin inhibitor; prodrg; not recommended if CrCl < 15 ml/min |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| N/V, constipation, pyrexia, wound secretion, hypotension, insomnia, peripheral edema, anemia, dizziness, diarrhea, HA, elevations in AST/ALT |
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Term
|
Definition
| renal function, CBC with differential |
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Term
| shown to be noninferior to warfarin for stroke, decreases stroke |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits factor Xa, reversible, direct and selective; not recommended if CrCl < 15 ml/min |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| itching, bleeding, thrombocytopenia, anemia, AST/ALT/GGT elevation, wound secretion, extremity pain, muscle spasm, syncope, nausea |
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Term
|
Definition
| renal function, CBC, hepatic function |
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Term
| shown to be superior to warfarin for decreasing stroke |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits factor Xa, reversible, direct and selective; not recommended if CrCl < 15 ml/min |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| only symptomatic patients receiving optimal rate control |
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Definition
| should receive anti-arrhythmics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| late and rapid repolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential (diastolic depolarization) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell receives impulse; rapid Na entry; depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Na channels inactivated; partial repolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| calcium re-entry; absolute refractory period |
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Term
| Late and Rapid Repolarization |
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Definition
| Rapid potassium exit; relative refractory period |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
| increase threshold potential, decrease the slop of phase 4, increases the absolute refractory period, shortens the refractoriness |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification: Ia |
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Definition
| quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide |
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification: Ib |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification: Ic |
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Definition
| Flecainide and propafenone |
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification II |
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Definition
| propranolol, esmolol, sotalol |
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification III |
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Definition
| Dofetilide, sotalol, and amiodarone |
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Term
| Vaughan Williams Classification IV |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bradycardia, hypotension, QT prolongation; Nausea, constipation; phlebitis (IV only) |
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Term
|
Definition
| bradycardia, AV blocks, QT prolongation; pulmonary fibrosis; corneal microdeposits, blurred vision, optic neuropathylneuritis; nausea and hepatitis; hypo and hyperthyroidism; bruising, photosensitivity, blue-gray discoloration; myopathy |
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Term
| Amiodarone Cautions and CIs |
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Definition
| iodine allergy; second or third degree heart block; bradycardia; prolonged QTc interval; hepatic disease; drug interactions |
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Term
| class III antiarrhythmic; significantly effective in restoring normal sinus rhythm and reducing hospitalization |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cardiac (not common): hypotension, bradycardia, QT prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias; Central: syncope, HA, dizziness; GI: nausea, vomiting diarrhea |
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Term
| Dofetilide Cautions and Contraindications |
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Definition
| QTc > 440 msec; CrCl < 20 mL/min; first or second degree heart block; bradycardia |
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