Term
| Integument structure in frogs, humans, and arthropods. |
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Definition
(outer covering of body)
Frogs: epidermis with chromatophores outermost, spongy dermis with mucous glands underneath, then compact dermis on bottom.
Arthropods: Epicuticle outermost (thin, moisture-proof, then procuticle (protein and chitin, tough), then epidermis bottommost (makes other 2)
Humans: epidermis, then dermis, then hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) |
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Term
| What is keratin? How is it used by some animals in their epidermal layer? |
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Definition
| Keratin is a protein that is used to make hair and tough skin coverings (claws, scales, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| provides support and leverage for muscles to move |
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Term
| How does a hydrostatic skeleton work? |
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Definition
| Muscles contract against a relatively incompressible liquid (eg water) |
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Term
| How do vertebrate skeletons work? |
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Definition
| Muscles attach to bones to contract against them. Usually jointed. |
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Term
| How does an exoskeleton of an arthropod work? |
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Definition
| Jointed and movable. Grows from the inside out, so arthropods need to disconnect muscles from exoskeleton during molting. |
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Term
| Importance of size in biology? Relationship of surface area to volume? |
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Definition
| The fundamental importance of size and surface area to volume ratio: Bigger you are, the lower your surface to volume ratio |
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Term
| Structure and function of a flagellum |
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Definition
Basal body at base. Usually 9 pairs of microtubules run from bottom to top. MAde up of microtubule pairs and dynein arms. The arms connect to ther microtubules and slide against one another. There is a central microtubule pair in the middle of the radial spoke.
Motion: whiplike, motion is parallel to axis of cell. |
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Term
| Structure and function of cilia |
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Definition
Basal body at base. Usually 9 pairs of microtubules run from bottom to top. MAde up of microtubule pairs and dynein arms. The arms connect to ther microtubules and slide against one another. There is a central microtubule pair in the middle of the radial spoke.
Motion: movement is perpendicular to axis. |
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Term
| How are skeletal muscles organized, from largest structure to smallest |
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Definition
| Sizes: Muscle, muscle fasciculus, muscle cell, myofibrils, myosin and actin filaments, myosin and actin molecules |
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Term
| Definitions: fascicles, muscle cells and components, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin and myosin filaments and molecules |
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Definition
Fascicles: bundles of skeletal muscle fibers enclosed in connective tissue.
Myofibrils: bundles of actin and myosin filaments. Contract to make muscle contract.
Sarcomere: basic unit of muscle's cross-striated myofibril. Goes from z-line to z-line
Actin filaments: 6 surround each myosin filament. Used to contract muscles.
Myosin filaments: surrounds 3 actin filaments. Ratchets actin to contract muscles. |
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Term
| How do myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin function in contraction? |
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Definition
| When at rest, tropomyosin lies along actin and troponin covers the acve sites on the actin. Ca++ ions bind temporarily to troponin, shoving it to the side and exposes active site on actin. Myosin head reaches up and temporarily attaches to actin. The myosin head uses ATP for this. The head then snaps back, releasing ADP and P. When it snaps back, pulls actin towards the center. |
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Term
| How are muscles stimulated by neurons? |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum is connected to sarcolemma (plasma membrane). SR is filled with Ca++ ions. Nerves transmit action potential through sarcolemma to SR, which releases the Ca++ into myofibrils. The action potential temporarily causes the SR to depolarize, releasing the Ca++ ions. |
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Term
| Definitions: neuromuscular junction and acetylcholine neurotransmitter |
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Definition
Neuromuscular junction: Where the axon of the nerve hits the muscle fiber. Has a synaptic gap.
Acetylcholine neurotransmitter: Released when action potential hits synaptic cleft, depolarizes sarcolemma, allowing release of Ca++ |
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Term
| How do botox and curare interfere with muscle control? |
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Definition
Botox: prevents release of acetylcholine (muscle weakness and paralysis)
Curare: binds to and blocks acetylcholine receptors. |
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