Term
| What is the location of synthesis of the different neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
NE = locus ceruleus
Dopamine = Ventral tegmentum and SNc
5-HT = Raphe nucleus
ACh = Basal nucleus of Meynert
GABA = Nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
| What nuclei are associated with stress and panic? What about reward center/pleasure/addiction? |
|
Definition
Stress and panic = locus ceruleus
Reward/Pleasure/Addiction = Nucleus accumbens (GABA) and Septal Nucleus (Dopamine) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
TAN HATS
Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temp regulation, Sexual urges |
|
|
Term
| What are the inputs to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
OVLT (changes in osmolarity)
Area Postrema (responds to emetics) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different parts of the hypothalamus and what do they do? |
|
Definition
Supraoptic = ADH
Paraventricular = oxytocin
Lateral = hunger
Ventromedial = satiety
Anterior = cooling, parAsympathetic
Posterior = heating, sympathetic
Supachiasmatic = circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
5 F's:
Feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling and sex |
|
|
Term
| What inclusions are found with Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| Lewy bodies (alpha-synuclein) |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings of Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
TRAP
Tremor at rest
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural instability
TRAPped in your body |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters do you lost with Huntington's? |
|
Definition
Caudate loses Ach and GABA
(CAG repeats) |
|
|
Term
| What are tremors treated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disorder associated with lesion of the amygdala? |
|
Definition
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a lesion to the non-dominant parietal lobe |
|
Definition
Neglect
Loss of dominant half = speech |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a lesion to the reticular activating system? |
|
Definition
| Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to the mamillary bodies causes what? |
|
Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (B1 def)
Wernicke = confusiong, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
Korsakoff = memory loss, confabulation, personality changes |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with damage to the cerebellum? What side are the deficits on? |
|
Definition
Intention tremor, limb ataxis
Ipsilateral deficit --> fall toward side of lesion (crosses twice) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a lesion to the cerebellar vermis? |
|
Definition
| Truncal ataxia, dysarthria |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a lesion to the PPRF? |
|
Definition
eyes look away from the side of the lesion
Can't activate contralateral medial recturs or ipsilateral LR |
|
|
Term
| What happens with a lesion of the frontal eye fields? |
|
Definition
Eyes look TOWARD the lesion
Crosses before the PPRF |
|
|
Term
| What is found on T1w MRI with Central Pontine Myelinolysis? |
|
Definition
increased signal in the pons
rapid correction of hyponatremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VPM = trigeminal (make up goes on the face)
Lateral = Light (CN II)
Medial = music (hearing in sup olic and inf colliculus of pons)
VPL - spinothalamic and DCML |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the limbic system? |
|
Definition
Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, septal nucleus
Cing at the SEPT concert FOR Mamillary Hippos |
|
|
Term
| What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum? What does their location signify? |
|
Definition
Don't Get Greasy Foods (Lat-->Med)
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
Lat = voluntary mvmnt
Medial = balance, coordination, ataxia, fall toward ipsilat side (As you move toward the middle, you need more coordination (dancing in the middle of the cerebellum dance floor) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main output of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| GABA (inhibitory) from the purkinje cell layer (granular and molecular layers excit and inhib, respectively) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major output of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you tell the difference between a cerebellar hemisphere lesion vs cerebellar vermis lesion? |
|
Definition
Hemispheres are LATERAL = affect LATERAL limbs
Vermis is CENTRAL = affect CENTRAL body (trunk ataxia, dysarthria) |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent laryngeal n injury results in loss of what? |
|
Definition
| loss of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid + hoarseness |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral hemiparesis (lower extremities), medial lemniscus and ipsilateral paralysis of hypoglossal n |
|
Definition
| Medial medullary syndrome Damage to Vertebral/basilar a (or anterior spinal a?) |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral medullary syndrome? What causes it? |
|
Definition
Lesion to the PICA
Contralat loss of pain/temp, ipslilat dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, vertigo/diplopia/nystagmus, vomiting, ispilat Horner's, ipsilat facial pain/temp, trigeminal nuc, ipsilat ataxia
Supplies medulla nuclei --> vestibular, CN X dorsal motor nuc, nuc ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| What does damage to the AICA cause? |
|
Definition
Lateral inferior pontine syndrome
Ipsilat facial paralysis, ipsilat cochlear nucleus, vestibular, ipsilat facial pain and temp, ipsilat dystaxia (inner ear, cerebellum, CN V, VI, VII and VIII |
|
|
Term
| What does damage to the Posterior Cerebral Artery cause? |
|
Definition
| Contralateral hemianopia w/ macular sparing |
|
|
Term
| What does damage to the middle cerebral artery cause? |
|
Definition
| contralateral face and arm paralysis and sensory loss, aphasia (Dominant), left-sided neglect |
|
|
Term
| Why is right-sided neglect rare? |
|
Definition
There is redundant processing b/c the L side of dominant
The R brain is usually not dominant, so the R brain is the only source for L sided awareness (L brain only supplies R side, R brain to both) |
|
|
Term
| What causes a lesions of the anterior communicating artery? What is its effect? |
|
Definition
Common site of circle of Willis aneurysm
Lesions may cause visual field defects |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| CN III Palsy (is right next to it!) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral striate arteries? |
|
Definition
Divison of the middle cerebral artery
Supply the internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus.
Infarct of post limb of internal capsule = pure motor hemiparesis |
|
|
Term
| What does lesion to the basilar artery cause? |
|
Definition
| Locked-in syndrome (CN III intact) but all other motor lost |
|
|
Term
| In general, what do strokes of the anterior and posterior circles cause? |
|
Definition
Anterior = sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia
Posterior = CN deficits, coma, cerebellar deficits. Dominant = ataxia, nondominant = neglect (nondominant half supplies both sides for awareness) |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are berry aneurysms associated with? |
|
Definition
| Ehlers-Danlos, Marfans, ADPKD |
|
|
Term
| Epidural hematomas cause rupture of what artery? |
|
Definition
Middle Meningeal
Biconvex disk
Transtentorial herniation, CN III palsy |
|
|
Term
| Subdural hematomas result in damage to what? |
|
Definition
Bridging veins
Slow bleeding
Crescent-shaped hemorrhage
Due to atrophy, whiplash, shaking |
|
|
Term
| What can happen 2-3 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage? How can it be treated? |
|
Definition
Vasospasm due to blood breakdown products
Tx w/ CCBs |
|
|
Term
| Where do parenchymal hematomas generally occur? What do they cause? |
|
Definition
Cause strokes
Occur in basal ganglia and internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Within what time frame can you give tPA for a stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe imaging for stroke |
|
Definition
diffusion-weighted MRI: stroke is bright
Noncontrast CT: stroke is dark
Bright noncontrast CT = hemorrhage (NO tPA!) |
|
|
Term
| What connects the Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle? 3rd to 4th ventricle? 4th vent-subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
Lateral-3rd = Foramen of Monro
3rd-4th = Cerebral aqueduct
4th-subarachnoid space = Luschka and Magendie |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| Dementia, ataxia and urinary incontinence (reversible!) |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo? How is it different from NPH? |
|
Definition
Hydrocephalus sx vacuo is increased CSF due to atrophy, but no increase in ICP
NPH compresses the brain and has symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is pseudotumor cerebri? Who does it occur in? |
|
Definition
Releated to decreased CSF outflow at the arachnoid villi
In overweight young females |
|
|
Term
| Where are lumbar punctures done? |
|
Definition
L3-L4 or L4-L5
To keep the cord alive, keep the spinal needle b/w L3 and L5! |
|
|
Term
| What is the organization of the lateral corticospinal tract? DCML? |
|
Definition
DCML has Legs medial, and upper body lateral
Lateral Corticospinal has Legs lateral and arms medial |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate? |
|
Definition
| Anterior white commissure (crosses immediately) |
|
|
Term
| What is clasp knife spasticity? When does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Exaggeration of stretch reflex, rigidity of extensor muscles --> resistance to stretch/flexion that abruptly decreases at the end of the range of motion. Occurs w/ UMN lesions |
|
|
Term
| What diseases cause destruction of the anterior horns? |
|
Definition
| Polio and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease |
|
|
Term
| What part of the spinal cord does ALS affect? |
|
Definition
UMN and LMN lesions; NO SENSORY DEFICITS
Affects lateral corticospinal tract and anterior horns |
|
|
Term
| What diseases cause destruction of the anterior horns? |
|
Definition
| Polio and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease |
|
|
Term
| What part of the spinal cord does ALS affect? |
|
Definition
UMN and LMN lesions; NO SENSORY DEFICITS
Affects lateral corticospinal tract and anterior horns |
|
|
Term
| What does occlusion of the anterior spinal artery in the spinal cord cause? |
|
Definition
Usually in the thoracic spinal cord
Spares dorsal columns and tract of Lissauer (nondiscrimitive pain and temp) |
|
|
Term
| What does syringomyelia damage? |
|
Definition
Anterior white commissure of the spinothalamic tract (it can't cross!)
Bilateral loss of pain and temp usually cape-like distribution
Can expand to affect other tracts |
|
|
Term
| What to Vit B12 def, Vit E def and Friedreich's ataxia cause? |
|
Definition
| Demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal and spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
| Floppy baby, tongue fasciculations, death by 7 months |
|
Definition
Werdnig-Hoffman disease
Infantile spinal muscular atrophy
AR
Degeneration of anterior horns only |
|
|
Term
| ALS is caused by a defect in what enzyme? |
|
Definition
Superoxide dismutase I
Riluzole lengthens survival by decreasing presynaptic glutamate release |
|
|
Term
| What is Friedreich's ataxia? |
|
Definition
AR trinucleotide repeat disorder
defect in frataxin
Impairment of mito function --> prob w/ antioxidation!
Staggering gait, frequent falling nystagmus, dysarthria, pes cavus, hammer toes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Kyphoscoliosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings with Brown-Sequard syndrome? |
|
Definition
Ipsilateral loss of DCML and Lateral corticospinal (UMN signs)
Contralateral loss of pain temp
Ispilat loss of all sensation at level of lesion (dorsal horn)
LMN signs at level of lesion (ant horn)
If above T1, presents w/ Horner's (loss of sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| What things are associated with Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Is ptosis, anhidrosis and miosis
Assoc w/ lesiosn of spinal cord above T1, pancoast's tumor, Brown-sequard, late-stage synringomyelia |
|
|
Term
| Lesion to what part of the hypothalamus could cause Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Posterior hypothalamus (heating and sympathetic!)
Anterior = cooling and parasym |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway of the sympathetics in the head? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus (posterior) --> intermeiolateral column (only thoracic) --> superior cervical ganglion --> pupil, smooth muscle of eyelids and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
Dermatomes:
C2? C3/4? T4? T7? T10? L1? L4? S2,3,4? |
|
Definition
C2 = skull cap
C3 = high turtleneck
C4 = low collar
T4 = nipple (T4 at the teat pore)
T7 = xiphoid
T10 = umbilicus
L1 = IL (inguinal lig)
L4 = kneecaps (down on all 4s)
S2,3,4 = erection and sensation of penile/anal zones (S2,3,4 keep the penis off the floor) |
|
|
Term
| What are the spinal roots associated with certain reflexes? |
|
Definition
S1,2 = achilles (sciatic)
L3,4 = patella (femoral n)
C5,6 = biceps
C7,8 = triceps |
|
|
Term
| Primitive reflexes may re-emerge with what lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CNs that lie medially at the brain stem? |
|
Definition
III, VII and XII
3(x2) = 6(x2) = 12
Motor = medial |
|
|
Term
| What do the superior and inferior colliculi do? Where are they? |
|
Definition
In the midbrain
Superior = conjugate vertical gaze center
Inferior = auditory
Your eyes are ABOVE your ears and the superior colliculus (visual) is ABOVE the inferior (auditory) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the gaze centers located for vertical and horizontal gaze? |
|
Definition
Horizontal = pons
Vertical = midbrain (colliculi) |
|
|
Term
| What is Parinaud syndrome? |
|
Definition
Paralysis of conjugate vertical haze due to lesion in superior colliculi
Can't look up (due to pinealoma)
Upward gaze passes posterior in midbrain, downward gaze passes anteriorly (not thru the posterior commissure) |
|
|
Term
| What nucleus of CN III is associated w/ parasympathetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves supply taste to the tongue and where? |
|
Definition
Ant 2/3 taste = CN VII
Post 1/3 taste = IX
Epiglottic taste = X |
|
|
Term
| What is the motor function of CN V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the cranial n nuclei located? |
|
Definition
Midbrain = III, IV
Pons = V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla = IX, X, XI, XII
Lateral nuclei = sensory
Medial nuclei = motor |
|
|
Term
| The gag reflex is sensed by what CN? |
|
Definition
IX
IX and X are the efferent |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 vagal nuclei? |
|
Definition
Nucleus Solitarius = visceral Sensory information (VII, IX, X)
Nucleus aMbiguus = motor to pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus (IX, X and XI)
Dorsal motor nucleus = parasym fibers to heart, lungs and upper GI |
|
|
Term
| What nerve exit out of the middle cranial fossa? What bone is this? |
|
Definition
Sphenoid
Optic canal = II
Sup Orbital Fissure = III, IV, V1 and VI (to eye!)
Rotundum = V2
Ovale = V3
Spinosum = middle meningeal a |
|
|
Term
| What CNs exit through the posterior cranial fossa? What bone is this? |
|
Definition
Temporal/occipital bone
Internal auditory meatus = VII, VIII (to ear!)
Jugular foramen = IX, X, XI, jugular v (need to go down)
Hypoglossal canal = XII
Foramen magnum = XI (to trapezius), brain stem and vertebral aa |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
| all nerves to the eyes + V2 (III, IV, V1, V2, VI and postganglionic sympathetic fibers) Cavernous sinus syndrome = ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmic and maxillary sensory loss |
|
|
Term
| What happens in lesions to CN XII, V, X and XI? |
|
Definition
XII = tongue deviates TOWARD side of lesion
V = jaw deviates TOWARD side of lesion (bilat input to lateral pyerygoid)
X = uvula deviates AWAY from side of lesion (weak side collapses)
XI = weakness turning head to CONTRALATERAL side, shoulder droop ON SIDE of lesion (SCM rotates head to the opposite side) |
|
|
Term
| What diseases can cause Bell's Palsy? |
|
Definition
ALexander graHam Bell w/ STD
AIDS, Lyme dx, Herpes simplex, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
Close jaw = Masseter, teMporalis, Medial pterygoid
Open = lateral pterygoid
M's munch, Lateral Lowers
"it takes more muscle to keep your mouth shut" |
|
|
Term
| What separates the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in accomodation? |
|
Definition
| Ciliary muscle contracts, zonular fibers relax --> lens relaxes, more convex |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings w/ retinal artery occlusion? |
|
Definition
Acute, PAINLESS monocular loss of vision.
Pale retina + cherry-red macula (macula has it's own blood supply via the choroid a) |
|
|
Term
| What happens in closed angle glaucoma? |
|
Definition
Iris and lens stick together --> get build up or pressure behind the iris
Want to give cholinomimetics b/c will cause ciliary mm contraction --> make lens more convex and opens up space b/w lens and iris |
|
|
Term
| What are the retinal findings in glaucoma? |
|
Definition
| optic disk atrophy with cupping |
|
|
Term
| What are the major causes of cataracts? |
|
Definition
| Age, Smoking, EtOH, sunlight, classic galactosemia (galactose-1-P uridyltransferase def), galactokinase def, diabetes (sorbitol), trauma and infection |
|
|
Term
| What does the superior oblique do? |
|
Definition
| Abducts, intorts and depresses while adducted |
|
|
Term
| To test the superior and inferior obliques, what direction must you have the pt look? |
|
Definition
| Sup = depress eye from adducted position (took medial and down) Take out the Inferior Rectus by adduction (it adducts and brings eye down (Down and in)) so if do 1 of its actions, it takes out the other) |
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of the extraocular muscles? |
|
Definition
SR = Up and In
IR = Down and In
SO = Down and Out
IO = Up and Out |
|
|
Term
| What nerve causes pupillary dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pupillary dilation bilateral? |
|
Definition
NO
Pupil contriction is bilateral
Pupil dilation is uncrossed (CN III) |
|
|
Term
| Why is pupillary constriction in response to light the first to go with compression? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic output is on the outside of CN III, whereas output to the ocular muscles is interior (primarily affected by VASCULAR disease) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves from what part of the retina cross at the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
Nasal retina
Cut it, get bitemporal hemianopia (loss of temporal visual field) |
|
|
Term
| Lesions to what lobes of the brain (temporal or parietal) causes upper vs lower quadrant losses of visual field? |
|
Definition
Meyer's loop loss (temporal) = Upper quadrant loss
Parietal loop loss = lower quadrant loss
Temporal is lower (inf retina) = upper quad loss
Parietal is higher (sup retina) = lower quad loss |
|
|
Term
| Lesion in one side of the occipital lobe causes what? |
|
Definition
| Left hemianoopia w/ macular sparing (bilateral projection to the occiput) |
|
|
Term
| Taking out the macula causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eye problem (besides ptosis) is associated with MS? |
|
Definition
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (MLF syndrome)
Lose 1 MLF |
|
|
Term
| Where are the circuits for convergence and vertical gaze located? |
|
Definition
In the midbrain close to the superior colliculus
So tumors of othe pineal gland may presson the sup colliculi and cause paralysis of these movements |
|
|
Term
| What do cold calorics do to nystagmus? |
|
Definition
Nystagmus goes in the direction away from the cold
(cold is activating, so cause close movement toward it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The side the head turned to get depolarized (excited) and eyes move slowly in the opposite direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Frontotemporal dementia
Dementia, aphasia, parkinsonian aspects, change in personality
Pick bodies (tau) and frontotemporal atrophy
Spares the parietal lobe and posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What is Lewy body dementia? |
|
Definition
| Parkinsonism with dementia and hallucinations (parkinson's has lewy bodies = alpha-synuclein) |
|
|
Term
| Rapidly progressive dementia w/ myoclonus |
|
Definition
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings in the brain in Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
Beta-amyloid, neurofibrillary tanges (tau)
Widespread cortical atrophy
decreased ACh |
|
|
Term
| What are all the causes of dementia? |
|
Definition
Alzheimer's
Pick's disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Creutzfeld-Jakob
Multi-infarct
Syphilis
HIV
Vit B12 def
Wilson's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta-interferon or immunosuppressant therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the other disease that is similar to MS? |
|
Definition
Guillain-Barre
"peripheral MS" that doesn't come back
Can tx w/ plasmapheresis, and IV immune globulins |
|
|
Term
| What is metachromatic leukodystrophy? |
|
Definition
AR lysosomal storage disease
Due to arylsulfatase A deficiency
Impaired production of myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease? |
|
Definition
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
Defective production of proteins involved in strucutre and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath
Mostly affects the leg/foot |
|
|
Term
| What are petit mal and grand mal seizures? |
|
Definition
petit mal = absence
Grand mal = tonic-clonic |
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of seizures in children, adults and elderly? |
|
Definition
Children = genetic, febrile, trauma, congenital, metabolic
Adults = tumors, trauma, stroke, infection
Elderly = stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection |
|
|
Term
| What are migraines due to? |
|
Definition
Irritation of CN V and release of substance P, CGRP and vasoactive peptides
Tx w/ propranolol, NSAIDs, sumatriptan |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w tension and cluster headache? |
|
Definition
Tension = bilateral, >30 min steady pain
Cluster = unilateral, repetitive brief headaches w/ periorbital pain, ipsi lacrimation, rhinorrhea and Horner's |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis of "worst headache of life"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Port-wine stains, ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas, pheos |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w NF1 and NF2? |
|
Definition
NF1 = cafe au lait spots, lisch nodules (iris), neurofibromas, optic gliomas, pheo
NF2 = acoutic neuromas (bilat), meningiomas, cataracts, some neurofibromas, astrocytomas/ependymomas (intramed), schwannomas/meningiomas (extramed) NF2 is more CENTRAL |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the general characteristics of brain tumors? |
|
Definition
Clinical presentation due to mass effects
Primary tumors rarely metastasize
Majority of adult are supratentorial, children are infratentorial
Half adult brain tumors are metastases (present at gray-white junction) |
|
|
Term
| What are the common adult peak incidence brain tumors? |
|
Definition
Glioblastoma multiforme (Grade IV astrocytoma)
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Oligodendroglioma
Pituitary adenoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the common childhood peak incidence brain tumors? |
|
Definition
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Medulloblastoma (bad - cerebellar)
Ependymoma (4th vent)
Hemangioblastoma (vHL sx, can make EPO)
Craniopharyngioma (from Rathke's pouch, calcification common) |
|
|
Term
| What are astrocytes stained for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain tumor looks like "fried eggs"? |
|
Definition
| Oligodendroglioma (oligodendrocytes look like fried eggs) |
|
|
Term
| What brain tumor is associated with psammoma bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brain tumors have rosettes or pseudorosettes? |
|
Definition
Medulloblastoma = rosettes or perivasc pseudorosettes
Ependymoma = perivasc pseudorosettes |
|
|
Term
| What 2 brain tumors are derivatives of Rathke's pouch? |
|
Definition
| Craniopharyngioma and Pituitary adenoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be found as ring-enhancing lesions on CT? |
|
Definition
| metastases, abscesses, toxoplasmosis, AIDS lymphoma |
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|
Term
| What can be found as uniformly enhancing lesions on CT? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is found as a heterogeneously enhancing lesion on CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the IV anesthetics? |
|
Definition
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Ketamine (Block NMDA rec = Glu antagonist)
Opiates
Propofol (amnesia, potentiates GABA) |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Dantrolene? |
|
Definition
Blocks release of Ca from the SR
Relaxes muscle
Used for malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic mallignant syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the underlying cause of the symptoms of Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| Loss of dopaminergic neurons and excess cholinergic activity |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
Agonize dopamine rec = bromocriptine
Increase dopamine = Amantadine, L-dopa/carbidopa
Prevent DA breakdown = Selegiline (MAO inh)
Curb excess cholinergic activity = Benztropine (Park your mercedes-BENZ) |
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|
Term
| What can cause increased peripheral metabolism of L-dopa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
Memantine = Glu antagonist (NMDA rec)
Donepezil/Galantamine/Rivastigmine = AChEi's |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat Huntington's? |
|
Definition
Want to decreased dopamine and increased GABA and ACh
Reserpine + tetrabenazine (amine depleting)
Haloperidol = DA rec antagonist |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is assoc w/ what virus and causes what? |
|
Definition
JC Virus (Polyomavirus)
causes destruction of oligodendrocytes and get demyelination of CNS |
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