Term
| What is the childhood equivalent to pheochromocytoma? |
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma. Does not cause HTN |
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Term
| The posterior pituitary is derived from what type of embryonic tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What embryonic tissue type do islets of langerhans arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells don't need insulin for glucose uptake? |
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Definition
BRICKL
Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver |
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Term
| What GLUT transporter is sensitive to insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cellular mechanism for the release of insulin from the cell? |
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Definition
| Glucose in thru GLUT-2, aerobic resp makes ATP which causes the closure of K channels and thus depolarization. This causes Ca to enter thru Ca channels and increased intracellular Ca causes exocytosis of insulin. |
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Term
| TRH activates the release of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatostatin inhibits the release of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prolactin inhibits the release of what? |
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Definition
| GnRH (why breastfeeding mothers cannot get pregnant) |
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Term
| What types of drugs stimulate prolactin secretion? |
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Definition
| Dopamine antagonists (most antipsychotics) and estrogens (OCPs, pregnancy) |
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Term
| What are the functions of cortisol? |
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Definition
| Maintains blood pressure (upreg alpha-1 rec on arteriole), decreases bone formation, anti-inflammatory (inh phospholipase A2), decreased immune fxn (inh IL-2 release), increased gluconeogenesis, lipoysis and proteolysis |
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Term
| How does cortisol interact with NE? |
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Definition
| Is permissive (increases transcription of genes that play a role in Ne's vascular activity) --> increases vascular and bronchial smooth muscle reactivity to catecholamines |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief cells of the parathyroid |
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Term
| How does magnesium regulate PTH? |
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Definition
| Decreased Mg decreases PTH (increases Mg causes Ca excretion in the kidney). Common causes of decreased Mg include diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics and alcohol abuse. |
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Term
| What are the levels of PTH, Ca and PO4 in renal failure? |
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Definition
| Increased PTH (secondary) but decreased Ca and increased PO4 (can't reabs Ca b/c can't make active Vit D and can't excrete PO4) |
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Term
| What factors stimulate osteoclasts? Where are they made? |
|
Definition
RANK-L and M-CSF
Made by osteoBLASTS |
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Term
| What hormones use cAMP pathway? |
|
Definition
FLAT CHAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH (+ calcitonin, GHRH and glucagon) |
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|
Term
| What hormones utilize cGMP pathway? |
|
Definition
ANP, NO (EDRF)
Think vasodilators |
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|
Term
| What hormones utilize IP3 pathway? |
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Definition
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 - vaspressin), TRH
GOAT
All made in the hypothalamus! |
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|
Term
| What hormones use cytosolic steroid receptors? |
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Definition
Vit D, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol,
Aldosterone, Progesterone
VET CAP |
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|
Term
| What hormones use a nuclear steroid receptor? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What hormones use an intrinsic tyrosine kinase (MAP kinase pathway)? |
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Definition
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF
Think GROWTH FACTORS |
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|
Term
| What hormones use a receptor tyrosine kinase (JAK/STAT)? |
|
Definition
GH, Prolactin
and cytokine IL-2 |
|
|
Term
| What effect does estrogen have on thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Increases TBG, thus decreasing free hormone and causing effective hypothyroidism |
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Term
| What enzyme is responsible for incorporating iodide into TH and coupling MIT and DIT? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Why do steroid hormones have a delayed onset of action? |
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Definition
| b/c they must bind to DNA and affect transcription. The need for gene transcription and protein synthesis delays the onset of action |
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Term
| What can inhibit the influx of iodine into the follicular cell and decrease thyroid hormone production? |
|
Definition
Anions (perchlorate, pertechnetate)
Block the Na/I cotransporter |
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Term
| What are some antithyroid drugs (block MIT/DIT syn)? |
|
Definition
| Propylthiouracil, methimazole |
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|
Term
| What are the breakdown products of Dopamine, NE and E? |
|
Definition
DA = HVA
NE = VMA
E = metanephrine |
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|
Term
| What are the familial causes of pheochromocytoma? |
|
Definition
| NF, MEN 2A/2B, von Hippel Lindau |
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Term
| Aniomatosis, hemangioblastoma, pheo, RCC, pancreatic cysts, cafe au lait spots |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What HLA subtypes are associated with Hashimoto's and Graves? |
|
Definition
Hashimotos = DR5
Graves = B8 and DR3 |
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|
Term
| Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid has what tumor marker? |
|
Definition
Calcitonin
From parafollicular C cells |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of pseudohypoparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. AD. Unresponsiveness to PTH
Shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature |
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Term
| What is used to treat nephrogenic DI? |
|
Definition
Hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride
Diuretics cause decreased DCT reabs, decreased plasma volume, decreased GFR that results in increased Na/H2O abs in PCT (less fluid than reaches the DCT) |
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Term
| What 2 hormones do you get increased secretion of in DM? |
|
Definition
| GH and epinephrine (insulin normally inhibits the release of these) |
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|
Term
| What fungal infections are associated with diabetic ketoacidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to treat diabetic ketoacidosis? |
|
Definition
| Fluids, insulin and K+ (to replete intracellular stores that are lost due to transcellular shift from decreased insulin) |
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|
Term
| Diarrhea, cutaneous flushing, asthmatic wheezing, right-sided valvular disease |
|
Definition
Carcinoid syndrome
Derived from NEUROENDOCRINE cells of the GI tract |
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|
Term
| What do you treat serotonin syndrome with? |
|
Definition
| Octreotide (neutralizes 5-HT) |
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|
Term
| What gene is MEN 2A/2B associated with? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of MEN 1? |
|
Definition
Parathyroid tumors
Pituitary tumors (Prl or GH)
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (Zollinger-ELlison sx, insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas) |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of MEN 2A and 2B? |
|
Definition
2A = parathyroid tumors, pheo, medullary thyroid carcinoma
2B = pheo, medullary thyroid carcinoma and oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (marfanoid habitus) |
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