Epistemology

• how and what we know
• using ideas and instruments for problem solving
• EX: Pragmatism, Existentialism

Metaphysics

• questions the nature of ultimate reality
• Open universe, dynamic, a state of becoming 

Axiology

• Ethics
• Conducts and Morals
• Questions the nature of our values

Aesthetics

• Beauty & Art
• Maxine Green

Control Theory

• fulfilling the needs of the individual
• William Glassner "choice theory"
• people choose most of their behaviors to gain control of others or themselves

Non-Interventionist

low teacher/ high student

InterACTionist

equal between teacher and student;

students must learn that the solution must be reciprocal between both teacher and student

Interventionist

High teacher/ Low Student

Teacher sets standards with little input from students

Realist

• Centered on academic principles
• Knowledge & values are seperate of the human mind
• Teacher Centered

Pragmatism

• Process not product
• Becoming not being
• Charles Sanders Pierce
• Epistemology 

Existentialism

• Search for meaning
• Metaphysics
• Epistemology
• Reality is a LIVED experience
• Interpretive
• Sarte 

Progressivism

• Theory that emphasizes that ideas should be tested by experimentation
• Learning is questioned by the learner
• John Dewey

Behaviorist

• Cause & effect
• B.F. Skinner
• All behaviors are a response to stimuli and predictable

Positivism

• A social theory that limits truth and knowledge to what is observable and measureable
• Quantitative, Comte

Essentialism

• Hard work
• Mental discipline
• Core Knowledge
• 3 R's
• *ED Hirsch

Perrenialism

• Underlying principles of existence are constant
• Children model what they see - Edelman

Reconstructionists

• Change Society
• Paulo Freire
• Students construct knowledge from what knowledge they already possess

John Dewey

Progressivist, Pedagogy, Uses Science to Answer Questions

Jean Piget

5 Stages of Cognitive Development

Socrates

• Plate wrote about him
• Method of asking probing questions and using dialogue to enhance learning

Alfred Whitehead

Philosopher, mathmematician, reconciled Idealism/Realism

Friedrich Froebel

Free self activity, discovery play;

Founded Kindergarten

Maxine Greene

Aesthetic experience of overcoming obstacles and fulfilling our potential

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The common natural man is good but corrupted by society

Aristotle

One can acquire knowledge by investigating matter;

Teacher instructs Learner

John Locke

knowledge is measured, publicly verified, and empirical

'tabula rasa'

Prudence Crandall

Admitted African American girl to her private girls school;

fought for abolition of slavery and women's rightes

Horace Mann

Father of American Education;

created State Board of Ed (was secretary);

helped teachers gain salaries, build schools, and fund for textbooks

Mary Bethune

African American Women not born into slavery;

Pushed for equal education for women;

Founded National Council for Negro Women

Micheal Apple

Wisconsin Professor;

Believed schools had control over cultural influence and needed to take into account structural inequalties and diverse groups

Johann Pestalozzi

Hands, Head, Heart

Swiss Educator who used Rousseau's theory and put it into practice

Enculturation

The process of learning the characteristics and behaviors of the culture to which one belongs

Formative Assessment

used to determine the next instruction required

Summative Assessment

Data used to make judgement about grade, graduation, or promotion..

Criterion Reference Tests

scores measured with specific objectives, set performance standard

Norm Reference Tests

scores compared with a wide range/general objectives

Validity

degree to what a test should measure

Reliability

consistency of test results

Convergent Questions

have a single correct answer

Divergent Questions

no single correct answer, many solutions

Loco Parentis

"in the place of the parent"

Orphan schools

Arne Duncan

U.S. Education Secretary

Committee of Ten

A historic National Education Association (NEA)

that studied secondary education in 1892

7 Cardinal Principles

1918- Students should receive an education in these seven areas

health, fundamental process, worthy home membership, vocation, civic education, leisure, ethics

GI Bill

1944- provided education of veterans from

WW 2

Binet & Terman

Founded today's IQ test