Before Europeans cam to Australia, all the aboriginal people there depended on:

a. production

b. selection

c. collection

The changeover to food production occurred about ___ years ago.

a. 2000

b. 6000

c. 10,000

The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history was:

a. horticulture

b. food collection

c. pastoralism

What do archaeologists suggest may have contributed ot the decline of the earliest city-states in Mesopotamia, present-day southern Iraq and southwestern Iran?

a. drought

b. salinization

c. flooding

For food, most recet food-collectors depend primarily on:

Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a _____ rather than _____, effect on the major types of subsistence.

a. restraining/determining

b. definitive/determining

c. definitive/restraining

Characteristic of pastoral societies is:

a. dependency on trade with agriculturalists

b. large settlements

c. dependence exclusively on meat for food

In which region are hunter-gatherers least likely to be found today?

a. deserts

b. dense tropical forests

c. temperate climates

d. the arctic

c. temperate climates

d. the arctic

which of the following statements best describes the land ownership situation among the Hadza of Tanzania?

a. individuals may only ust the land that they purchased

b. the political leaders decide who owns specific parcels of land

c. The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use

an indirect form of ____ is taxation.

a. redistribution

b. forced labor

c. voluntary labor

_____ assumes that individuals seek to maximize the return (in calories and nutrients) on their labor in deciding which animals and plants to hunt or collect.

a. food-collection theory

b. optimal foraging theory

c. optimal hunting strategy

the concept of private land ownership is least likely among:

a. horticulturalists

b. pastoralists

c. food collectors

generalized reciprocity is most likely between:

a. friendly neighboring groups

b. close kin

c. strangers and enemies

in general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time?

a. food collecting

b. pastoralism

when goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a returned gift, it is called:

a. generalized reciprocity

b. balanced reciprocity

in simpler societies, balanced reciprocity is most common:

a. among kinsmen

b. in periods of temporary food scarcity

c. between groups of unrelated individuals

what kind of market exchange appears mostly at the highest levels of productivity?

a. market exchange of land

b. market exchange of credit

c. market exchange of labor

which of the following societies is not considered to be egalitarian?

a. Nimpkish Native Americans

b. Mbuti Pygmies

c. 'the Yanomamo

d. the !kung

which of the following is considered a rank society?

a. Nimpkish Native Americans

b. Mbuti Pygmies

c. The Yanomamo

the probability that an individual will change class levels in an open class system is:

a. about even

b. extremely low

 a society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige, is called:

a. a closed class society

b. ranked

c. a caste system

which of the following is not characteristic of the chief?

a. his position may be hereditary

b. he is set apart form the others by the special regalia he wears

c. his position carries considerable prestige

In different slave-owning societies, slaves have had some:

a. way to earn freedom

b. legal rights

c. payment for labor

d. way to gain status

manumission was built into which system?

a. Egypt

b. Rome

c. Nupe

how is chiefly status obtained among the Ifaluk culture?

a. purchase

b. genealogically in the female line

c. genealogically in the male line

Before the caste system in Rwanda was overthrown, which was the ruling caste?

a. Hutu

b. Tutsi

In ancient Greece, slaves were viewed as:

a. people who suffered at the hand of fate

b. inferior human beings

c. having many different rights

Of the following, which is not of much conern to anthropologists when they study stratification?

a. groups

b. prestige

c. individuals

The Mbuti pygmy of Zaire lives in what type of society?

a. Egalitarian

b. caste

c. class

d. rank

which of the following could a male Nupe slave of central Nigeria not do?

a. will his belongings to his children

b. acquire slaves of his own

c. have children who could become free men and women