Term
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Definition
| Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides. |
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Term
| What are the three main parts of nucleotides and what are they combined by? |
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Definition
-Phosphate group
-Pentose sugar
-Organic nitrogenous base |
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Term
| What are the two groups of nitrogenous base? |
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Definition
Pyrimidine- single ring
Purine- double ring |
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Term
| Which bases are pyrimidine? |
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Definition
| Thymine, cytosine, uracil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA stands for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A very stable and large molecule found as chromatin in nucleus and small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
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Term
| What are the functions of DNA? (2) |
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Definition
1. Carries the genetic code for protein synthesis
2.Replicates in dividing cells |
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Term
| What does DNA consist of? |
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Definition
Two polynucleotide strands twisted into a double helix
-Deoxyribose sugar
-A-T and G-C |
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Term
| What does antiparallel mean? |
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Definition
| Two strands run in opposite directions |
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Term
| What type of bond are the nucleotides held by? |
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Definition
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Term
| On which end would each strand end if the phosphate group attached to the 5th C atom on one pentose sugar and 3rd C atom on another? |
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Definition
One strand finishes on C-5- 5 prime end
One strand finishes on C-3- 3 prime end |
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Term
| What is the 'backbone' and it's function? |
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Definition
The two sugar-phosphate-protect the genetic information stored within the sequence of bases.
The bases are complementary held by H bonds. |
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does RNA stands for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Short-lived molecule, found mainly in the cytoplasm and in nucleus |
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Term
| Is RNA single or double stranded? |
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Definition
| Single stranded polynucleotide |
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Term
| What does RNA consists of? |
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Definition
-Ribose pentose sugar
- A-U (Uracil) and G-C |
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Term
| What is the function of RNA? |
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Definition
| Involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Single stranded molecule that carries the genetic code for a specific protein form DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome.
Single RNA forms a coverleaf shape held by H bonds between certain base pairs |
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Term
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Definition
Forms a large complex molecule with protein : a ribosome.
Ribosomes translate the genetic code and join amino acids together to form polypeptides. |
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Term
| Where are H bonds found in RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of gene? |
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Definition
| Codes for the sequence of amino acids in one polypeptide. |
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Term
| What are the two stages of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in the nucleus
DNA is read by enzymes and used to make a single stranded mRNA molecule
Leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and travels to a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs at ribosome
mRNA attaches to the ribosome, and a tRNA brings a specific amino acid
Ribosomal enzymes catalyse the formation of peptide bonds to form the primary structure of a new polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide found in all living organisms. |
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Term
| What are the structures it includes? |
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Definition
-3 Phosphate groups
-A Ribose Sugar
-Nitrogenous base Adenine |
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Term
| What does respiration do to ATP? |
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Definition
| Oxidises glucose in a series of small reactions release energy in the form of ATP |
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Term
| Why is ATP called 'universal energy currency'? |
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Definition
| It provides energy for many metabolic reactions in all living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
-Active Transport
-Muscle Contraction
-Nerve Impulse Transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP synthase combines ADP and Pi in a condensation reactions which inputs 30.6 kJ/mol of energy in an endergonic reaction. |
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Term
| What is the addition of Pi called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ATPase hydrolyses phosphate bonds releasing a small packet of energy (30.6 kJ/mol) which forms ADP and Pi in an exergonic reaction. |
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Term
| 4 Key Differences between Glucose and ATP |
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Definition
1. Glucose needs many enzymes to release energy, ATP needs only one
2.Glucose releases large quantities of energy that may not be needed realising lots of heat, ATP releases small packets of energy (30.6) when and where it is needed
3.Glucose only releases energy through respiration, ATP is universal
4. Glucose requires proteins to cross a membrane, ATP is easily transported across. |
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