Term
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Definition
| membrane enclosed sacs larger than vesicles |
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Definition
the site of intracellular digestion
found in some protists and macrophages
formed by phagocytosis |
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Definition
pumps excess water from the cell
found in freshwater protozoa |
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Definition
large vacuole found in mature plant cells
enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast
develops from the coalescence of smaller vacuoles from the ER and Golgi apparatus |
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Term
| Functions of the Central Vacuole |
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Definition
stores organic compounds and inorganic ions.
sequesters dangerous metabolic by-products.
contains soluble pigments and hydrolytic enzymes.
contains poisonous compounds to protect plants from predators
absorbs water and elongates the cell for plant growth
contributes to large ratio of membrane surface area to cytoplasmic volume |
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Term
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Definition
membrane-bound organelle containing specialized teams of enzymes for specific metabolic pathways
All contain peroxide-producing oxidases (RH2 + O2 > R + H2O2)
All catalase to decompose toxic hydrogen peroxide (2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2)
Bound by a single membrane
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
Breakdown of fatty acids
detox of alcohol and other harmful compounds
seed germination (glyoxysomes) |
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Term
| Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
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Definition
Main energy transformers of cells.
Enclosed by double membranes.
Contain ribosomes and DNA that programs a small portion of their own protein synthesis.
Not parts of the endomembrane system.
Are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure of Mitochondria |
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Definition
| Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| Outer Membrane of Mitochondria |
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Definition
| Highly permeable to small solutes but blocks proteins and other macromolecules |
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Term
| Inner Membrane of Mitochondria |
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Definition
| Contains embedded enzymes that are involved in cellular respiration. Many infoldings called cristae increase the surface area available for these reactions. |
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Term
| Intermembrane Space of Mitochondria |
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Definition
| Between inner and outer membranes, reflects the solute composition of the cytosol. |
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Definition
| Enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane, composed of enzymes that catalyze steps in cell respiration. |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll-containing plastids which are the sites of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| a group of plants and algal membrane-bound organelles that include amyloplastids, chromoplasts, and chloroplasts. |
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Definition
| Colorless plastids that store starch; found in roots and tubers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plastids containing pigments other than chlorophyll; responsible for color of fruits, flowers, and autumn leaves. |
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Term
| Structure of Chloroplasts |
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Definition
Two membranes and an intermembrane space.
Thylakoids
Grana
Thylakoid space
Stroma |
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened membranous sac inside the chloroplasts, site of chlorophyll. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Area inside the thylakoid |
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Definition
| Viscous fluid outside the thylakoids |
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Definition
Network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that forms a dynamic framework for support, movement, and regulation.
Constructed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. |
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Term
| Structure of Microtubules |
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Definition
| Straight, hollow fibers constructed from two-dimensional sheets of tubulin units rolled into tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
Globular protein that constructs microtubules.
Consists of a-tubulin and b-tubulin. |
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Term
| Functions of Microtubules |
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Definition
Cellular support (reinforce cell shape)
Tracks for organelle movement - protein motor molecules interact with microtubules to translocate organelles.
Separation of chromosomes during cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region located near the nucleus from which microtubules grow out. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of cylindrical structures located in the centrosome of animal cells, composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring at right angles to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Locomotor organelles formed from a specialized arrangement of microtubules: 9+2 pattern of nine doublets connected to two in the center by radical spokes and attached to neighboring doublets by side arms made up of dynein. |
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Term
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Definition
Large numbers, shorter than flagella
Work like oars, alternating power and recovery strokes. Creates force in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cilium. |
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Term
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Definition
One or few per cell, longer than cilia
Undulating motion creates force in the same direction as the axis of the flagellum. |
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Term
| Structure of Microfilaments |
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Definition
| Solid rods built of two chains globular protein monomers (actin) wound into a helix |
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Term
| Function of Microfilaments |
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Definition
Provide cellular support.
Participate in muscle contraction.
Are responsible for localized contraction of cells. |
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Term
| Structure of Intermediate Filaments |
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Definition
Constructed from keratin subunits
Differ in diameter and composition depending upon cell type. |
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Term
| Function of Intermediate Filaments |
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Definition
Specialized for bearing tension; may function as the framework for the cytoskeleton.
Reinforce cell shape.
Fix organelle position.
Compose nuclear lamina lining the nuclear envelope's interior. |
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Term
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Definition
Coat external plasma membrane, found in plant cells.
Thicker than plasma membrane.
Chemical composition varies.
Basic design includes strong cellulose fibers in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins.
Protect plant cells, maintain their shape, and prevent excess water uptake. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Between primary cell walls of adjacent cells, made of pectin. |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky polysaccharide that makes up the middle lamella |
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Term
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Definition
| stops cell growth, strengthens cell |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
A meshwork of macromolecules outside the plasma membrane of animal cells that functions in support, adhesion, movement, and development.
It is mostly made of glycoproteins, esp. collagen. |
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Definition
| Help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function. |
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Definition
| Channels that perforate plant cell walls through which cytoplasmic strands communicate between adjacent cells. |
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Definition
| Hold cells tightly enough to block transport of substances through the intercellular space. |
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Definition
| Rivet cells together into strong sheets, but still permit substances to pass freely through intracellular spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercellular junctions specialized for material transport between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. |
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