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Stretching - PTA Exam
Sample questions for Stretching - PTA Exam
43
Health Care
Graduate
05/20/2009

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Term
Flexibility
Definition
"he ability to move freely, without restriction. Is the ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through unrestricted, pain-free ROM"
Term
What will determine flexibility?
Definition
Muscle length in conjunction with joint integrity and the extensibility of periarticular soft tissues.
Term
Dynamic flexibility
Definition
"Also referred to as active mobility or active ROM, is the degree which an active muscle contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint."
Term
Passive flexibility
Definition
"Referred to as passive mobility or passive ROM, is the degree which a joint can be passively moved through available ROM and is dependent on the extensibility of muscles and connective tissues that cross and surround the joint."
Term
Hypomobility
Definition
Refers to decreased mobility or restricted motion.
Term
Factors that may lead to hypomobility
Definition
Prolonged immobolization
Term
Mobility
Definition
Is the ability of the body or body segements to move or be moved through its functional ROM (range of motion during functional activities).
Term
Contracture
Definition
"Adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross and surround a joint that results in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitation of ROM, and it may compromise functional abilities."
Term
How are contractures identified?
Definition
"Identified by the action of the shortened muscle. If a patient has shortened elbow flexors and cannot fully extend elbow, he or she is said to have an elbow flexion contracture."
Term
What are some indications for stretching?
Definition
"-ROM is limited because soft tissues have lost their extensibility as the result of adhesions, contractures, and scar formation, causing functional limitations or disabilities"
Term
Contraindications for Stretching?
Definition
-Bony block limits jt motion
Term
Stretching and mobilization
Definition
any therapeutic maneuver that increases the extensibility of restricted soft tissues and consequently increase ROM and flexibility
Term
Interventions used to increase soft tissue mobility?
Definition
Manual or mechanical/passive or assisted stretching
Term
Manual or Mechanical/Passive or Assisted Stretching
Definition
"A sustained or intermittent external, end range stretch force, applied with overpressue and by manual contact or mechanical device, elongates a shortened muscle-tendon unit and periarticular connective tissues by moving a restricted joint just past available ROM."
Term
Self-stretching
Definition
Any stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapist.
Term
Neuromuscular Facilitation and Inhibition Techniques
Definition
Are claimed to relax tension in shortened muscles reflexively prior to or during muscle elongation. PNF
Term
Muscle engery techniques
Definition
Are manipulative procedures designed to lengthen muscle and fascia and to mobilize joints.
Term
Joint Mobilization/Manipulation
Definition
Are manual therapy techniques specifically applied to joint structures and are used to stretch capsular restrictions or reposition a suluxed or dislocated joint.
Term
Selective Stretching
Definition
Process whereby the overall function of a patient may be improved by applying stretching techniques selectively to some muscles and joints but allowing limitation of motion to develop in other muscles or joints.
Term
Overstretching
Definition
"A stretch well beyond the normal length of muscle and ROM of a joint and the surrounding soft tissues, resulting in hypermobility which can lead to instability."
Term
Determinants of stretching
Definition
Alignment
Term
Alignment
Definition
Positioning a limb or the body such that the stretch force is directed to the appropriate muscle group
Term
Stablization
Definition
Fixation of one site of attachment of the muscle as the stretch force is applied to the other bony attachment
Term
Intensity of stretch
Definition
Magnitude of the stretch force applied
Term
Duration of stretch
Definition
Length of time the stretch force is applied during a stretch cycle
Term
Speed of stretch
Definition
Speed of initial application of the stretch force
Term
Frequency of Stretch
Definition
Number of stretching session per day or per week
Term
Mode of stretch
Definition
"Form or manner in which the stretch force is applied (static, ballistic, cyclic); degree of patient participation (passive, assited, active); or the source of the stretch force (manual, mechanical, self)."
Term
Is low or high intensity stretching better for improvement in ROM?
Definition
Low
Term
Examples of long-duration stretch
Definition
"Static, sustained, maintained, and prolonged"
Term
Examples of short-duration stretch
Definition
"Cyclic, intermittent, or ballistic"
Term
Static Stretching
Definition
is commonly used method of stretching in which soft tissues are elongated just past the point of tissue resistance and then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time.
Term
What is the safest form of stretch
Definition
"Low-intensity (low-load), long-duration b/c it yields the most significant, elastic deformation and long term, plastic changes in soft tissues."
Term
Cyclic (intermittent) Stretching
Definition
"A relatively short-duration stretch force that is repeatedly but gradually applied, released, and then reapplied. With cyclic stretching the end-range stretch force is applied at slow velocity, in a controlled manner, and at relatively low intensity."
Term
Slowly appling stretch
Definition
"To ensure optimal muscle relaxation and prevent injury to tissues, the speed of the stretch should be slow. The stretch force should be applied and released gradually. A slowly applied stretch is less likely to increase tensile stresses on connective tissues or to activate the stretch reflex and increase tension in the contractile structures of the muscle being stretched."
Term
Ballistic Stretching
Definition
"A rapid, forceful intermittent stretch-that is, a high-speed and high-intensity stretch. It is characterized by the use of quick, bouncing movements that create momentum to carry the body segment through the ROM to stretch shortened structures."
Term
Contraindications of stretching
Definition
Presence of a bony block
When it interferes with fracture healing
Inflammation or infection
Sharp pain with elonation
hematoma
when contractures provide stability
When contractures increase function
Term
Precaution of stretching
Definition
Do not force beyond normal range Protect newly united fractures Osteoporosis Age related changes immobilization balance flexibility and strength pain lasting longer than 24hrs edema overstretching weak muscles
Term
Indications of stretching
Definition
When ROM is limited leading to soft tissue shortening When ROM is limited and could cause deformities When ROM limitation interferes with function or nursing care When ROM limitation promotes muscle weakness
Term
Describe the stress strain curve
Definition
[image]
Term
What are muscle spindles?
Definition
Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle which primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle
Term
What are golgi tendon organs?
Definition
proprioceptor that provides information about changes in muscle tension
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