Term
| Overview of Stress-Diathesis |
|
Definition
| Stress-diathesis models are based on the premise that all people have some level of predisposing factors (diatheses) for any given mental disorder. However, individuals have their own point at which they will develop a given disorder, a point that depends on the interaction between the degree to which these risk factors exist and the degree of stress experienced by the individual. |
|
|
Term
| Classic Threshold Model Proposed By? |
|
Definition
| Classic example proposed by Zubin and Spring (1977), where every person has a degree of vulnerability that represents a threshold for the development of schizophrenia. The diathetic threshold is the point at which the people who fall below the threshold will not develop the disorder, whereas those above this level cross the threshold into disorder. Thus, the threshold for triggering schizophrenia may vary from one person to the next depending on the degree of vulnerability and the level of stress experienced. |
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of the ipsative model |
|
Definition
| Example = short alleles associated with more depressive symptoms, diagnoses of depression, and suicidality following stressful life events than those l/l (Caspi, 2003). |
|
|
Term
| !!TWO!! examples of the Risk-resilience continuum model? |
|
Definition
Example = PTSD is an example for this model, given the differing levels of stress seen needed for individuals to develop the disorder. Alvarez and colleagues (2005) examined firefighters risk for PTSD, finding a range of threshold levels based on the firefighter’s years of experience on the force.
Betancourt and Khan (2008) - explored the potential for children from armed conflicted countries to develop mental resiliency as a consequence of dealing with a constant level of trauma |
|
|
Term
| Monoamine Oxidase A Function? |
|
Definition
| Metabolizes DA, NE and HTT |
|
|
Term
| Two!!! Monoamine Oxidase A Study? |
|
Definition
(Caspi and colleagues, 2002) - a significant interaction between MAOA and childhood maltreatment in predicting aggression.
Additionally, levels of MAOA have been linked to MDD (Meyer, 2006) |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia Twin Study of Importance |
|
Definition
| Famous schizophrenia study, using the Danish Twin Registry and Psychiatric Registries, (Gottesman & Bertelsen 1989) |
|
|
Term
| Adoption Schizophrenia Study of Importance |
|
Definition
| Adoption Studies - Famous schizophrenia study, (Tienari and colleagues, 1985) - children removed from schizophrenic mothers, followed control mothers as well, found STRONG link with 6 of 7 cases of schizophrenia in children, from schizophrenic mothers. |
|
|
Term
| Family Schizophrenia Study of Importance |
|
Definition
| Family Studies - Famous schizophrenia study, used Roscommon County Case Register (n=285), (Kendler and colleagues 1993) |
|
|
Term
| Famous Family Study of Autism |
|
Definition
| Bolton and colleagues (1994) - London Hospital Records |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bailey and colleagues (1995) - British Twin Study |
|
|
Term
| Famous Adoption Studies for Autism |
|
Definition
| Rutter and colleagues (2007) - Romanian orphans moved to UK |
|
|
Term
| Physical changes from stress |
|
Definition
| Nester and colleagues 2002 - Constant activation of the HPA axis results in hippocampal damage including reduced dendritic branching (arborization) and neurogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Who proposed the risk-resiliency model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proposed the ipsative model? |
|
Definition
| Monroe & Hadiyannakis, 2002 |
|
|
Term
| Allostasis proposed by? And is? |
|
Definition
McEwen, 1998
A complex, dynamic, highly interactive set of multiple physiological systems of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Allostatic load proposed by? |
|
Definition
Evan, 2003
1) Repeated hits
2) Prolonged response
3) Inadequate response
4) No adaptive capacity |
|
|
Term
| Example of the kindling theory |
|
Definition
| Kendler and colleagues 2000 - Individuals with previous major depressive episodes were more likely to have additionally episodes. |
|
|
Term
| Example of dichotomous stress-diathesis model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the HTTLPR stand for in 5-HTTLPR? |
|
Definition
| Serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region. It is a degenerate repeat polymorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dopamine active transporter. Note that underactive dopamine has been indicated, but gender differences still exist (girls worse than boys) |
|
|
Term
| What does COMT stand for? |
|
Definition
| Catechol-O-methyl transferase |
|
|
Term
| What does MAOA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Monoamine oxidase A - it's on the X chromosome, lower levels are associated with more problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Valine = Fast inactivation of DA (problematic)
Methionine = Slowly inactivation of DA |
|
|
Term
Cortisol level: PTSD
HIGH OR LOW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cortisol level: Aggression
HIGH OR LOW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cortisol level: ASPD
HIGH OR LOW? |
|
Definition
|
|
