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Strength and conditioning exam one
Strength and conditioning exam one
82
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/04/2013

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Cards

Term
Motor unit is composed of 
Definition

a motor neuron and the muscle it innervates 

 

-usually several hundred muscle fibers in a motor unit

Term
Catabolism 
Definition
Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
Term
The oxidative system (aerobic)
Definition

Primary source of ATP at rest and during low intensity activities 

uses primarily carbs and fats

at rest fat is main source (70%) during high intensity activity carbs are 100% of energy supply 

 

Term
carbs
Definition
-Cano be metabolized anaerbolically 
Term
phosphagen 
Definition
-The energy system active at the begining of all exercise 
Term
Lactate threshold
Definition

-the level at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration of blood lactate

 

begins at 50-60% max oxygen uptake in untrained 70-80 in athletes 

 

 

Term
Minimal essential strain
Definition
threshold stimulus is reached that initiates new bone formation
Term
anaerobic training or exercise 
Definition
-weights, plyometrics, speed training, agility training
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
theory stating that muscle fiber cells increase in number
Term
Hypertrophy 
Definition
increase in muscle size 
Term
changes in neuromuscular junction due to anaerobic training
Definition

-Increased surface area

-greater total length of nerve terminal branches 

Term
myosin
Definition
thick
Term
actin
Definition
thin filaments 
Term
Sliding filament theory 
Definition

ACTIN SLIDES ON MYOCIN pulling z lines in

Actin filliments at end of sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments pulling the z-lines towards the center of sarcomere and thus shorten muscle fiber and cause contraction; 

Term
Resting phase of SFT
Definition
very few myocin cross bridges are bound to actin due to the lack of calcium 
Term
excitation cantraction phase of SFT
Definition

♥calcium is released during excitation;

♥calcium binds with troponin

♥causes shift in tropomyosin 

♥moysin cross bridges attach more rapidly 

Term
What causes force of muscle contraction
Definition
number of moysin cross bridge heads bound to actin fillaments at a given time 
Term
Contraction phase of SFT
Definition
energy comes from break down of ATP catalysed by ATPase 
Term
Recharge phase of SFT
Definition
calcium, ATP and ATPase help detach 
Term
relaxation phase 
Definition

♥happens when the stimulation of motor nerve stops

♥calcium pumped back into sarcoplasmic recticulum 

this prevents linking between actin and myocin 

Basically just means that actin and myocin are returned to their original places and states

Term
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Definition

Type I 

♥develop force and relax slowly

♥long twitch time 

Term
Fast twitch type IIa and IIb(IIx)
Definition

♥fatigable, rapid force development 

type IIa greater resistance to fatigue due to more capillaries surrounding them than type IIb 

 

Term
activation of muscles
Definition
Action potential arrives at nerve terminal>acetylcholine is released>action potential generated across sarcolemma> Muscle contraction occurs
Term
muscle fibers
Definition

muscle control:

more control: less muscle fibers per motor neuron

Less control more force: More muscle fibers per motor neuron

Term
More force in muscle contraction can come form 
Definition

♥Change in the frequency of activation of motor units

♥change in the number of activated motor units

Term
muscle spindles
Definition

♥they are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers cover in sheaths of connective tissue

 

They indicate the degree the muscle must be contracted to overcome resistance 

 

as muscle is stretched to a greater extent the muscle spindles indicate greater force activation is necessary 

Term
Golgi Tendon Organs 
Definition

Proprioceptors located in tendons;

 

activated when the muscle they are attached to is stretched

 

inhibits activation of muscle to reduce tension 

Term
Right ventricle
Definition
Pumps blood to lungs
Term
Left ventricle 
Definition
pumps blood to rest of body 
Term
conduction system
Definition
controls the mechanical contraction of the heart 
Term
Blood
Definition

Hemoglobin- carries oxygen and acts as acid base buffer

 

Red blood cells facilitate CO2 removal 

Term
muscles of inspiration 
Definition

Elevate rib cage

 

Contracted: external intercostals and diaphragm 

 

RELAXED: internal intercostals 

 

Term
Muscles of expiration 
Definition
Abdominals contracted 
Term
bioenergetics
Definition

the flow of energy in a biological system;

 

conversion of macronutrients into energy 

Term
catabolism 
Definition

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

 

releases energy 

Term
anabolism 
Definition

sythesis of larger molecules from smaller ones 

 

endergonic (requiring energy)

Term
metabolism
Definition
total of all endergonic and exergonic reactions in a biological system 
Term
Fat oxidation
Definition

triglycerides in fat cells are broken down releasing free fatty acids into blood to be carried to muscle fiber

 

-some free fatty acids come from intramuscular sources 

Term
ATP production during oxidation
Definition
ATP production is much greater form triglyceride than from glucose 
Term

phosphagen energy system

 

(Active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity) 

 

Definition

High intensity activities for short duration 

Resistance training and sprinting

replenishes ATP rapidly through the creatine kinase reaction

 

Term
Glycolysis
Definition

-Breakdown of carbs to resynthesize ATP

Glycogen from muscle or glusoce in blood

1)Pyruvate can be converted to lactate

-fast glycolosis(anaerobic); short duration

2) Pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria

-ATP synthesis rate is slower but duration is longer

Term
Glycolysis and the formation of lactate
Definition

pyruvate forms lactate

catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase


END RESULT NOT LACTIC ACID

Lactate is not the cause of fatigue 

Term
glycolysis ATP yields 
Definition

from blood glucose: 2 ATP per one molecule 

 

From muscle glycogen: 3 ATP molecules per one molecule 

Term
phosphagen system subdtrate depletion and replention 
Definition

creatine runs low within first 30 seconds of high intensity exercise

-repletion of ATP takes about 3-5 min

and resynthesis of creatine within 8 minutes 

Term
glycogen system subdtratedepletion and replention 
Definition

-rate of depletion is related to intensity of exercise

 

can be completely depleted during some exercises 

 

-repletion of muscle glycogen is related to post-exercise carb ingestion (.7 to 3g carbs per kg body weight every 2 hours after exercise) 

Term
interval training
Definition

-more efficent energy transer by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods 

-much more training at higher intensities 

-work to rest ratios are difficult to find

Term
combination training
Definition
aerobic endurance training to anaerobic athletes to enhance recovery
Term
anabolic hormones
Definition
insulin, testosterone, HGH
Term
catabolic hormones
Definition
cortisol, progesterone
Term
steriod hormone
Definition

-from adrenal cortex and gonads

-passively diffuses

binds to receptor to form receptor hormone complex and enters cells nucleus to expose transcriptional codes to synthesis proteins 

Term
polypeptide hormones
Definition

-made of amino acids

(growth hormone and insulin)

-bind to receptors in blood or in cell membrane

-need secondary messanger to get into cell 

Term
testosterone
Definition

-primary androgen hormone that interactis with skeletal muscle 

-promotes growth hormone in pituitary to synthesis protein 

-increases force production potential in muscles

-increases strength and size of muscles 

(Men: exercising later in the day is more effective for increasing overall testosterone concentrations over an entire day) 

Term
Increasing testosterone in men
Definition

-Large muscle group exercises: dead lift, squat, power cleans) 

-heavy resistance; One rep max 

-moderate to high volume(multiple sets and exercises)

-short rest times

-2 years of training experience 

Term
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Definition

-pituitary gland

interacts directly with target tissues: bone, immune cells, skeletal muscle, fat cells, and liver tissue

-regulated by neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms

-alters by age, gender, alcohol consumption, sleep, nutrition, and exercise 

-GH responds to exercise stressors i.e. resistance exercise

-women have more than men(depnds on cycle)

 

Term
cotrisol
Definition

-converts amino acids to carbs, increases breakdown of proteins, and inhibits protein synthesis

-increases with resistance training

Term
adrenal hormones 
Definition

Catecholamines:

-increase force, contraction rate, blood pressure, evergy availability, blood flow

-augment secretion of other hormones, testosterone. 

Term
manipulating the endocrine system 
Definition

Increasing testosterone: large muscle groups, heavy intensity, high volume, short rest 

 

Increasing Growth hormone: High intensity, high volume, and short rests 

 

Increasing cortisol and cats: large muscle groups, varying intensity and rest times, high volume 

Term
agonist
Definition
The prime mover 
Term
first cass lever (the forearm elbow extension)
Definition

muscle force and resistive force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum 

 

 

Term
second class lever (the foot) 
Definition

muscle force and resistive force act on same side of fulcrum 

 

-muscle force moment arm is longer than resistive force

 

-mechanical advantage yeilds the required muscle force is smaller than the resistive force 

Term

Third class lever

(elbow flexion)

Definition

same side of the fulcrum 

 

--moment arm shorter than resistive arm 

ratio is less than one therefore the muscle force must be greater than resistive force 

Term
patella advantage
Definition
makes moment arm longer allowing the quads to contract more force 
Term
power
Definition
work/time
Term
work=force x distance 
Definition
Term
force 
Definition
mass X acceleration 
Term
pennate muscle
Definition
muscle with fibers that align obliquely with tendon creating featherlike arrangement
Term
angle of pennation
Definition

angle between muscle fibers and imaginary line between muscles origin and insertion 

 

0 equals no pennation 

Term
concentric muscle action
Definition
muscle shortens because contractile force is greater than restrictive force
Term
eccentric muscle action
Definition
muscle lengthens because contractile force is less than restrictive force 
Term
isometric muscle action 
Definition
length does not change in muscle because contractile force is equal to resistive force 
Term
valsalva maneuver
Definition

glottis is closed keeping air from escaping the lungs and abs and rib cage contract

 

creates ridgid compartments of liquid in the lower torso and air in uper torso 

Term
acute responses to aerobic ecercise
Definition

-end-diastolic volume is increase

-at begining of exercise stoke volume is increased 

 

Term
resting oxygen uptake
Definition

3.5 ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute

 

defined at 1 MET 

Term
anthropometry
Definition
science of measurement applied to the human body
Term
concurrent validity
Definition
extent to which a test score is associated with those of other tests
Term
convergent validity
Definition

coorlation with results of tests assessed and other recognized measures of construct 

 

"comparing to the gold standard"

Term
predictive validity
Definition
extent to which the test corresponds with future behavior
Term
discriminant validity
Definition
ability of a test to distinguish between two differnt constructs
Term
construct validity
Definition
ability of a test to represent the underlying construct, overall validity
Term
face validity
Definition
appearance to athletes that test measure what it should
Term
content validity
Definition
assessment by experts that the test covers all relevant subtopics
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