Term
| Attachment-related anxiety 12 |
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Definition
| Involves the extent to which individuals feel secure or insecure about whether a partner will be available, responsive, and attentive. |
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Term
| Attachment-Related Avoidance |
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Definition
| involved the degree to which individuals feel secure or insecure in relying on others, opening up to them, and being intimate with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for that person, low amount of passion |
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Term
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Definition
| strong components of sexuality and infatuation, predominates in early part of a love relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| love with passion and commitment, but no intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| involves understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary from one situation to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span |
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Term
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Definition
| development is lifelong, multidimensional, involved growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss |
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Term
| Normative age-graded influences |
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Definition
| development that is similar for individuals in a paticular age group, ex. puberty |
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Term
| Normative History-graded influence |
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Definition
| common to people of a certain generation because of historical circumstances, ex. cold war |
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Term
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Definition
| unusual occurences that have a major impact on the individual's life. |
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Term
| Continuity-discontinuity Issue |
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Definition
| focuses on degree to which development involved either gradual, cumulative change, or distinct stages |
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Term
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Definition
| development is primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandura says behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development |
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Term
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Definition
| stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, has critical and sensitive periods |
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Term
|
Definition
| development reflects the influence of several environmental systems |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of cells into 4 gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| person's genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| observable physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| extra chromosome in 21st pair, mild to severe retardation, certain body type and facial structure |
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Term
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Definition
| extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities in males. breast development, undeveloped testes |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormality in X chromosome, most often happens in females, usually mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| missing X chromosome in females, mental and sexual retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| extra Y chromosome in males, causes mental slowness, extra height |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular dysfunction, hard to breat, shortened lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS deteriorates, loss of motor and mental coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic disorder, can cause mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tube disorder that cases brain and spine abnormalities |
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Term
| Passive Genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| parents provide a rearing environment for child that fits that child's genotype |
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Term
| Evocative genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| child's behaviors and characteristics eleicit certain types of environments. ex. tall child sent to basketball camp |
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Term
| Active genotype-environment correlations |
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Definition
| children seek out their own environments that they find stimulating |
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Term
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Definition
| development is result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| process of organ formation during first 2 monthes of prenatal development |
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Term
| Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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Definition
| tiny tissue sample from placenta is removed and analyzed for genetic defects and chromosome abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid is drawn to test for chromosome and metabolic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, mood, and/or perception |
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Term
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Definition
| method that aims to reduce mother's pain by teaching breathing and relaxation techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| scale used to assess the health of newborns, rates from 1-10 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Extremely Low Birthweight |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first 6 weeks after delivery, during which mother's body readjusts to original state |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of function in one hemisphere or another |
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Term
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Definition
| 16-17 hours a day with lots of time in REM sleep (50%) |
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Term
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Definition
| infants assembly motor skills for perceiving and acting. when they are motivated to do something they create a new behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| when info interacts with sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation of what is sensed |
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Term
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Definition
| integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such as hearing and vision |
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Term
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Definition
| actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| children use their existing schemes to deal with new info or experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| when children adjust their schemes to take new info and experiences into account |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| transition from adolescence to adult |
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Term
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Definition
| key changes are taking place for the identities of emerging adults |
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Term
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Definition
| emerging adults often have a focus on the self, focusing on their own autonomy rather than social obligations |
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Term
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Definition
| a time when emerging adults have an opportunity to transform their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| 12-18 year olds that report no weekly exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of 19-26 year olds that do not exercise at all |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of adults 20-39 who are obese (2005) |
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Term
| Individuals that are 30% overweight... |
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Definition
| increase their probability of dying in middle adulthood by 40% |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained exercise that raises heart rate to 60% or more of your maximum rate |
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Term
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Definition
| this percent increase in collegewomen's binge drinking from 93-01 |
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Term
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Definition
| have had sexual intercourse |
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Term
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Definition
| have "hooked up" with someone during college |
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Term
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Definition
| have been completely faithful to their spouse |
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Term
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Definition
| have had sex with 21 or more partners |
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Term
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Definition
| called the "drip" or "clap", bacterial, discharge from penis or vagina, painful urination |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of a sore on infected area, skin rash, can lead to paralysis or death |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause infertility, bacterial |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary from one situation to another |
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Term
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Definition
| our own attitudes and values are supported and replicated by our significant other |
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Term
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Definition
| average duration of American marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| language of conversation, way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| talk designed to give information, which includes public speaking |
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Term
| young children describe themselves |
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Definition
| in concrete forms, such as observable traits and actions |
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Term
| 4-5 year olds start to describe themselves... |
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Definition
| with psychological and emotional terms |
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Term
| older children describe themselves |
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Definition
| with adjectives such as popular, nice, helpful, also as being members of groups like girl scouts or catholics |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to them |
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Term
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Definition
| emotions such as jealousy, embarrassment, pride, shame |
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Term
| reciprocal or synchronous interactions |
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Definition
| when infants modify their emotional expressions in response to their parents' emotional expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| smile that doesn't occur in response to external stimuli, appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| smile that occurs in response to external stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a baby's earliest emotions, in abused infants showed up within 3 monthes of birth |
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Term
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Definition
| when an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers |
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Term
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Definition
| crying when a caregiver leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| involves "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to at in a particular situation |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding |
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Term
| Chess and Tomas' Classification |
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Definition
| these two psychologists identified 3 basic types of temperament |
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Term
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Definition
| child usuall in positive mood, adapts easily to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| child reacts negatively and cries frequently, slow to adapt to changes |
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Term
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Definition
| child has low activity level, somewhat negative, low intensity of mood |
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Term
| Kagan's Behavioral Inhibition |
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Definition
| inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect, beginning around 7-9 monthes |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as self-regulation, the child has the ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and can soothe themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| match between child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with |
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Term
| Bowlby's Internal working model |
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Definition
| infant's relationship with caregiver subsequently affects relationships with others |
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Term
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Definition
| infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with caregiver and adult stranger |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid caregiver and do not keep up interactions when they enter or leave the room |
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Term
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Definition
| cling to caregiver and then resist them by fighting against the closeness |
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Term
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Definition
| infants are highly resilient and adaptive, evolutionarily equipped to stay on a positive developmental road, even in face of wide variations in parenting |
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Term
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Definition
| socialization is bidirectional |
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Term
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Definition
| parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experienes turn-taking with the parents |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible mental actions, allowing children to do mentally what before they could only do physically |
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Term
| Symbolic Function Substage |
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Definition
| children gain the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action |
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Term
| Intuitive Thought substage |
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Definition
| begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions |
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Term
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Definition
| centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Approach |
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Definition
| emphasizes social contexts of learning and construction of knowledge through social interaction. |
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Term
| Zone of Prozimal Development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| range of tasks that are too difficult to master but can be learned through guidance from adult of more skilled children |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing of cognitive resources |
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Term
| Salient vs. relevant dimensions |
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Definition
| preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out |
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Term
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Definition
| systematically comparing details one at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| retention of information over time |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the sound system of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the units of meaning involved in word formation |
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Term
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Definition
| the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| aspect of language that involved the meaning of words and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| appropriate use of language in different contexts |
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Term
| Child-Centered Kindergarten |
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Definition
| education of a whole child with concern for their physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| the current academic approach puts too much pressure on young children to achieve and don't provide any opportunities to actively construct knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| moral element of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| children (age 10 and on) become aware that rules and laws are created by people |
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Term
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Definition
| concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immeiately |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of being male or female |
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Term
|
Definition
| sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, or feel |
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Term
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Definition
| states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men |
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Term
| psychoanalytic theory of gender |
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Definition
| Freud's view that a child develops a secual attraction to the opposite sex parent (Oedipus and Electra complexes) |
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Term
| Social cognitive Theory of Gender |
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Definition
| gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do |
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Term
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Definition
| gradually developed thoughts of what is gender appropriate and innapropriate in one's culture |
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Term
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Definition
| restrictive, punitivve style of parenting, "my way of the highway" |
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Term
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Definition
| parents encourage child to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| parents are uninvolved in child's life |
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Term
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Definition
| parents that have very few demands or controls on children, let them do whatever they want |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas of the brain that are not being used lose synaptic connections |
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Term
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Definition
| increased efficiency in cognitive performance, flexible and effective control in a number of areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| this percentage of 9-13 year old's in US do not participate in organized phys. activity |
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Term
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Definition
| this percentage of 9-13 US kids do not participate in ANY free-time physical activity at all |
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Term
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Definition
| include minimum IQ level, significatn difficulty in school-related area, and exclusion of severe emotional disorder, 2nd language background,sensory disabilities, and/or neurological deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| boys are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment because of troublesome behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Definition
| disability in children where they are innattentive, hyperactive, and/or overly impulsive |
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Term
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |
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Definition
| children with disabilites must be given a free public education |
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Term
| Individualized Education Plan (IEP) |
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Definition
| written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a child with disabilities |
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Term
| Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) |
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Definition
| setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated |
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Term
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Definition
| educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom |
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Term
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Definition
| operations that apply to real, concrete objects |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions |
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Term
|
Definition
| give more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process information |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory, increases during middle and late childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information |
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Term
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Definition
| remembering verbal information by creating a mental picture of it |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive processing of information, such as relating information to examples within one's life |
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Term
|
Definition
| imprecise memory representations that are relatively easy to access |
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Term
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Definition
| memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations, verbatim memory trace, and gist |
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Term
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Definition
| precise details of information |
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Term
|
Definition
| central idea of information |
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Term
|
Definition
| manipulating and transforming information in memory |
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Term
| Jacqueline and Martin Brooks |
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Definition
| believe that not enough schools focus on teaching students critical thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| thinking with only one correct answer, used o conventional tests of intelligence |
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Term
|
Definition
| when there are many different answers to the same questions, must use creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| cognition about cognition, knowing about knowing |
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Term
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Definition
| problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, life's everyday experiences |
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Term
| Triarchic theory of Intelligence |
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Definition
| theory that states that there are three types of intelligence, analytical, creative, and practical |
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Term
| Gardner's 8 Frames of mind |
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Definition
| this theory of intelligence states that there are 8 types of intelligence |
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Term
|
Definition
| worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occured over a short time frame |
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Term
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Definition
| test of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural bias |
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Term
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Definition
| retardation caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage |
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Term
| Cultural-Familial Retardation |
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Definition
| mental deficit that comes from growing up in a below-average intellectual environment |
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Term
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Definition
| mastery of certain areas earlier than one's peers |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to use language in proper cultural settings |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that emphasizess reading instruction through teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| global evaluations of the self |
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Term
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Definition
| domain-specific evaluations of the self, such as academia, appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th stage of Erikson's developmental stages. infustry refers to the adolescent's need to see how things work and do hands'on things |
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Term
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Definition
| this view of morality created by Gilligan, views people in terms of their connectdness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication and relationships with others |
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Term
|
Definition
| instead of physical aggression this aggression has more to do with ignoring a person or spreading a rumor |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to learning that is a lot like the Montessori approach where children explore and do many various things to learn |
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Term
| Direct Instruction Approach |
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Definition
| structured, teacher-centered approach |
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Term
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Definition
| period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occue primarily during early adolescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| girl's first menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that monitors eating and sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls growth and regulates other glands |
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Term
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Definition
| heightened self-conscious of adolescents |
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Term
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Definition
| adolescents put on a show for others |
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Term
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Definition
| part of egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility |
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Term
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Definition
| form of education that promotes social responsibiity and service to the community |
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Term
| Identity vs. Identity Confusion |
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Definition
| Erikson's 5th stage of development, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are |
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Term
|
Definition
| period of identity devlopment during which the individual is exploring alternatives |
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Term
|
Definition
| personal investment in identity |
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Term
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Definition
| before one experiences a crisis or has made any commitments |
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Term
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Definition
| status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined |
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Term
|
Definition
| status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment |
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