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Steve Fat 2
Krabbe Midterm
88
Health Care
Professional
02/11/2013

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Cards

Term
1.       _____ and _____ are generally solid at room temperature.
Definition
SATURATED AND TRANS-FATS
Term
2.       _____ are generally oils at room temp.
Definition
UNSATURATED FATS
Term
3.       Saturated and trans fats have a _____ shape, which allows for more dense packing.
Definition
STRAIGHT
Term
4.       The _____ confers a bent irregular shape, which makes the fatty acids less densely packed liquids.
Definition
CIS
Term
5.       Cis-double bonds are biochemically reactive with oxygen, therefore a fat with more _____ is more prone to oxidation generally described as a stale, rancid or fishy smelling.
Definition
DOUBLE-BONDS
Term
6.       _____ and _____ fats have a long shelf life, and can be exposed to high heat such as grilling and deep frying.
Definition
SATURATED AND TRANS FATS
Term
7.       _____ fats have a shorter half-life and can be used for cooking, but not deep frying.
Definition
MONOUNSATURATED FATS
Term
8.       These 4 oils are recommended for cooking because they are predominantely monounsaturated.
Definition
1) SESAME, 2) HAZELNUT, 3) OLIVE, 4) CANOLA
Term
9.       _____ fats have a short shelf life and should be refrigerated or even stored in the freezer.
Definition
POLYUNSATURATED FATS
Term
10.   Polyunsaturated fats should be used on salads and as toppings, since cooking with polyunsaturated fats induces _____.
Definition
OXIDATION
Term
11.   The gummy residue in salad bowls, filter-less coffee machines, and frying pans is due to the polymers that are formed with _____.
Definition
POLYUNSATURATES OXIDIZE
Term
12.   The more readily oxidizable oils have historically been consumed as nuts, seeds, and plants, where various _____ protect the oils from oxidation.
Definition
ANTIOXIDANTS
Term
13.   2 reasons why unrefined fats and oils that are oxidized are not available for energy or structural purposes.
Definition
1) THEY ARE EITHER IN A POLYMERIZED UNSTABLE FORM, 2) THEY CONTAIN TOXIC COMPONENTS
Term
14.   Natural antioxidants usually found in the seed oils are lost when the seed oils are extracted with _____.
Definition
SOLVENTS
Term
15.   _____ are predominately fat soluble, and therefore can be concentrated in fats and oils, and have been shown to contribute to the oxidative process of fats.
Definition
PESTICIDES
Term
16.   The effects of refinement and pesticides on oils are in addition to the direct adverse effects of nutrient removal and _____ (a chemical compound that is foreign to a living organism) on human health.
Definition
XENOBIOTIC
Term
17.   The food industry has developed a processing method called _____ to avoid rancidity and change in the physical properties of oils into solid fats.
Definition
PARTIAL HYDROGENATION
Term
18.   By _____, a liquid vegetable oil can be converted into a viscous oil or solid fat, such as butter-like spreads, margarine and Crisco.
Definition
STRAIGHTENING DOUBLE BONDS
Term
19.   Distorting the double bond’s geometry decreases its ability to react with oxygen, which in turn prevents fats from going _____, or requiring _____.
Definition
STALE; REFRIGERATION
Term
20.   _____ provides the good industry a greatly expanded market for American grown crops.
Definition
PARTIAL HYDROGENATION
Term
21.   The disadvantages of partial hydrogenation are its adverse health effects, most notably the synthesis of _____.
Definition
TRANS-FATS
Term
22.   Trans-fats currently comprise approximately _____% of the US fat intake.
Definition
15.00000%
Term
23.   Avoiding _____ and exploring less harmful methods of _____ are critical to public health.
Definition
TRANS-FATS; FOOD PROCESSING
Term
24.   What food has the worst amount of trans fats?
Definition
MARGARINE
Term
25.   _____ and _____ oils are when solvents were not used to extract oil from seeds or nuts.
Definition
COLD PRESSED; AND EXPELLER PRESSED
Term
26.   _____ oil is the first oil to be extracted.
Definition
EXTRA VIRGIN
Term
27.   _____ oil is of no significance.
Definition
NATURAL
Term
28.   _____ oil meets federally established criteria for organic, which has been shown to contain less pesticide contamination.
Definition
ORGANIC
Term
29.   _____ oil contains trans fats.
Definition
PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED OIL
Term
30.   Another way to suspect the presence of _____ is when the sum of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat content is less than the total fats.
Definition
TRANS-FATS
Term
31.   _____ oil is safe. It is when the seeds and nuts are roasted before extracting the oil. This makes the oils taste more flavorful.
Definition
TOASTED
Term
32.   _____ oils may impose a health risk depending on what was modified, but it may also reduce pesticide content.
Definition
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO)
Term
33.   _____ oils are unprocessed to help retain nutrients.
Definition
UNREFINED
Term
34.   _____ of oils is not labeled, although organic has been shown to have less contamination.
Definition
PESTICIDE CONTENT
Term
35.   Polyunsaturated oils should be _____ upon opening and the expiration date observed to avoid oxidation after purchase.
Definition
REFRIGERATED
Term
36.   _____ is a newer method of making plant oils, not yet indicated on the label.
Definition
INTERESTERIFICATION
Term
37.   _____ on the label means that the portion size is small enough that the total fat falls below labeling criteria.
Definition
FAT FREE
Term
38.   Does fat-free on a label mean the food is really fat free?
Definition
NO!!!!
Term
39.   Unsaturated oils should have a clearly marked _____; rancidity occurs from oxidized fats and generally smells like stale potato chips.
Definition
EXPIRATION DATE
Term
40.   Fat usually represents between _____% of the individuals diet in the western world.
Definition
30-40%
Term
41.   Keeping with the range of fat that has been recommended in recent years: _____% for inactive people on moderate calories, _____% for active people on adequate calories, and _____% for infants and active, growing children.
Definition
30, 40, 50 %
Term
42.   In summary, both total and proportional fat intake should increase with _____.
Definition
METABOLIC DEMANDS
Term
43.   The most metabolicallya active times for metabolism are in the _____ and in _____.
Definition
WOMB; INFANCY
Term
44.   Approximately 50% of the caloric value of human milk is derived from _____.
Definition
FAT
Term
45.   Human milk has a unique fatty acid composition in that it is 40-50% _____, 35% _____, and 15-20% _____.
Definition
SATURATED, MONOUNSATURATED, POLYUNSATURATED
Term
46.   Of the saturated fatty acids made in the mammary gland, up to 18% can be fatty acids called _____ and _____. These 2 fatty acids have microbial properties which have been shown to confer the breast-fed infant protection against lipid-coated viruses, bacteria, and protozoa.
Definition
LAURIC ACID AND CAPRIC ACID
Term
47.   _____ is a fat in coconut that behaves as a MCT.
Definition
LAURIC ACID
Term
48.   Maternal consumption of _____ was shown to interfere with proper levels of the elongated omega-3 fat DHA in the brains of infants.
Definition
TRANS-FATS
Term
49.   Trans fatty acids found in human milk were found to correlate significantly with decreased _____ in infants.
Definition
VISUAL ACUITY
Term
50.   Childhood growth includes proliferation of _____ to accommodate dietary excess.
Definition
ADIPOCYTES
Term
51.   Person’s who become obese in adolescence develop _____ than healthy weight adolescents.
Definition
MORE FAT CELLS
Term
52.   Obesity developed in adult hood is associated with a more modest increase in _____ and a large increase in _____.
Definition
FAT CELL NUMBER; FAT CELL SIZE
Term
53.   Weight reduction in adulthood is associated with a decrease in _____.
Definition
FAT CELL SIZE NOT!!!! FAT CELL NUMBER
Term
54.   In light of childhood obesity and its potentially lifelong consequences, the suggestion of a childhood low-fat diet is raised to _____.
Definition
REDCUE TOTAL CALORIE INTAKE
Term
55.   Should a child have a restricted fat diet?
Definition
NO IT MAY CAUSE A CHILD TO DEVELOP GROWTH AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
Term
56.   Some childhood seizures respond to a high-fat diet, which induces _____.
Definition
KETOGENESIS
Term
57.   The _____ diet is associated with weight loss rather than weight gain in contrase to most neuroleptic medications.
Definition
HIGH-FAT KETOGENIC DIET
Term
58.   High intake of omega-6 fats has been shown to depress _____.
Definition
BONE FORMATION
Term
59.   _____ are trans-fat’s found in nature. It is a collective term used to describe a mixture of isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds.
Definition
CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACIDS (CLA’S)
Term
60.   CLA’s contain a double bond with the _____ geometry synthesized by microorganisms in the stomach of ruminant animals such as cows and sheep. Therefore, dietary sources are dairy products and the meat of ruminant animals.
Definition
TRANS GEOMETRY
Term
61.   A safe and effective approach to consume CLA’s is by eating _____; it’s consumption is associated with weight reduction and improvement of body composition. Effects are primarily attributed with vitamin D, calcium, and probiotics.
Definition
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Term
62.   _____ are saturated fats 6-12 carbons long, which transit rapidly through the intestincal tract, and are absorbed directly into the portal vein without being attached to chylomicrons.
Definition
MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (MCT’S)
Term
63.   _____have been shown to enhance body composition by inducing satiety and facilitating fat metabolism.
Definition
MCT’S
Term
64.   MCT’s can be transported into the inner mitochondria for ATP synthesis independent of _____.
Definition
CARNITING
Term
65.   Dietary intake of _____ favors fat metabolism and is of interest to both endurance athletes and dieters.
Definition
FAT METABOLISM
Term
66.   The limiting disadvantage is that MCT’s when dosed above 30g may cause _____ and _____, and even 30g is intolerable to many people.
Definition
GI CRAMPING AND DIARRHEA
Term
67.   _____is composed of 50% lauric acid, a saturated fat that is 12 carbons long and only partially transported by chylomicrons, thereby exhibiting some characteristics of the shorter MCT’s, but it is better tolerated.
Definition
COCONUT OIL
Term
68.   _____ are supplemented to limit the glucocorticoid medications required to manage chronic conditions such as asthma, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Definition
OMEGA’3 FATS
Term
69.   By reducing the amount of a _____ known to adversely affect body composition, omega-3 fats improve body composition secondarily.
Definition
MEDICATION
Term
70.   4 nutritious recommendations to lower
Definition
1) USE PLANT STEROLS AND STANOLS, 2) AVOID TRANS-FATS, 3) OMEGA- 3’S
Term
71.   Daily consumption of _____ is important for maintaining a fat burning metabolism.
Definition
ESSENTIAL FAT
Term
72.   Essential fatty acids are generally used for phospholipids in _____, rather than converted into triglycerides for storage and adipose tissue.
Definition
CELL MEMBRANES
Term
73.   Metabolism of adipose stores is associated with the lower plasma levels of _____, and may accompany extensive weight reduction.
Definition
ESSENTIAL FATS
Term
74.   Without dietary fat the gallbladder is unable to empty and can form _____.
Definition
GALLSTONES
Term
75.   Since endurance exercise depletes muscle glycogen stores, any dietary intervention that favors beta-oxidation of fats (fat burning) potentially spares muscle _____, and enhances endurance.
Definition
GLYCOGEN
Term
76.   Athletes who consume _____ 1-4 hours before competition, did not demonstrate increased fat metabolism during exercise.
Definition
MIXED LONG CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (LCT’S)
Term
77.   Conversely _____ can enhance beta-oxidation in endurance athletes, although gastrointestinal intolerance limits use.
Definition
MCT’S
Term
78.   Polyunsaturated fats are preferentially incorporated into cell membranes, and dietary intake of _____ favorably alter membrane properties.
Definition
OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATES
Term
79.   Increasing omega-3 fats in _____ improves oxygenation of tissue, and in _____ it may improve energy production.
Definition
RBC MEMBRANES; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES
Term
80.   _____ in general is effective at creating satiety and maintaining metabolic rate.
Definition
FAT IN GENERAL
Term
81.   _____ fats are harmful; adverse effects on lipid profile and cell membranes, especially important to avoid during pregnancy, lactation and athletic performance.
Definition
TRANS FATS
Term
82.   _____ fats provide a limited benefit at improving body composition, insufficient safety data for supplementation, especially since they are trans-fats.
Definition
CLA’s
Term
83.   _____ fat supplemented at 360mg daily is effective for persons with inhibited delta-6-desaturase.
Definition
GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID (GLA)
Term
84.   If fish oil is taken at _____g daily it is effective at reducing exercise-induced asthma and tissue damage, improving membrane fluidity and red blood cell deformability.
Definition
12g DAILY
Term
85.   _____ is a source of the essential omega-3 fat linolenic acid. It is ineffective in persons with inhibited delta-6-desaturase.
Definition
FLAX OIL
Term
86.   _____ are effective at creating satiety and easily metabolized for fuel; use is limited by GI symptoms, coconut oil contains lauric acid which is an essential one of these.
Definition
MCT’S
Term
87.   _____ retain plant antioxidants important for protecting unsaturated fats from lipid peroxidation during physiologic stress such as endurance athletes.
Definition
UNREFINED OILS
Term
88.   _____ provide a Limited benefit at improving lipid profiles; insufficient safety data for supplementation athletes may want to avoid supplementing because of potential adverse effects on membrane fluidity.
Definition
PLANT STEROLS AND STANOLS
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