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| 1. The _____ is defined as the amount of energy required to digest, absorb, and further process the energy-yielding nutrients in food. |
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| 2. The 24 hour energy expenditure can be broken down into these 3 components. |
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| 1) THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD, 2) RMR, 3) ENERGY COST OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY |
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| 3. Energy expending processes for preparing food prior to its use in intermediary metabolism generates _____, and therefore is collectively called the thermic effect of food. |
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| 4. The contribution of the thermal effect of food to the 24-h energy expenditure is minimal, and ranges from _____%. |
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| 5. The metabolic pathway for storing excess dietary fat in the body are more efficient than converting excess carbohydrate and protein into their storage forms which are _____ and _____ respectively. |
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| 6. The TEF for a high-protein or high-carbohydrate meal is _____ than that for a high fat meal. |
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| 7. The TEF can only be increased by about _____ per day by altering the macronutrient composition of the diet. |
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| 8. Large meals produce _____ values for TEF than the same amount of food consumed over several hours. |
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Definition
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| 9. 4 causes of TEF elevation due to a large meal. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASED CNS ACTIVITY, 2) GREATER PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF HORMONES, 3) GREATER ENZYME ACTIVITY, 4) INCREASED RATE OF ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS |
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| 10. This nutrient has the lowest thermal effect of food. |
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Definition
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| 11. This nutrient has the highest thermal effect of food. |
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Definition
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| 12. Stimulation of _____ during intestinal absorption, initial metabolic steps and nutrient storage are responsible for the thermal effect of foot. |
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Definition
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| 13. The thermic effect of food is _____ in obese, insulin-resistant patient. |
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Definition
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| 14. The minimal amount of energy expended ot sustain the basic body functions is called the _____. |
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Definition
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| 15. The RMR amounts for roughly _____kcal per fay for the average man. |
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Definition
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| 16. The RMR accounts for approximately _____% of the total daily energy expenditure, and therefore anything that alters the RMR has the potential to significantly impact body fat stores. |
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Definition
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| 17. 5 factors which have implicated in the variance found for RMR. |
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Definition
| 1) BODY COMPOSITION, 2) GENDER, 3) RACE, 4) RESTRICTIVE DIETING, 5) EXERCISE |
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| 18. Individual differences in _____ account for most of the 25-30% variation of RMR among individuals. |
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| 19. People with greater amounts of lean body mass have _____ RMR’s than those with less body mass. |
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Definition
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| 20. _____mass adds relatively little to the RMR. |
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Definition
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| 21. The RMR of obese individuals is strongly related to their _____, not their fat mass. |
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Definition
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| 22. If somebody is obese, they will have a _____ RMR than somebody who is smaller and more lean. |
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Definition
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| 23. The _____ is the organ that has the highest bodily contribution to RMR. |
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Definition
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| 24. A person’s _____ has the lowest bodily contribution to RMR. |
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Definition
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| 25. When an overweight or obese person loses weight, his or her RMR decreases in proportion to the amount of _____. |
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Definition
| LEAN BODY MASS THAT IS LOST |
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| 26. Why do obese individuals generally have higher RMR’s than non-obese people. |
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Definition
| BECAUSE OBESE PEOPLE MOST OFTEN CARRY ADDITIONAL LEAN BODY MASS |
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Term
| 27. If an individual gains muscle mass through athletic training, his or her RMR _____ in proportion to the lean mass gained. |
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Definition
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| 28. These 5 tissues and organs contribute to most of the RMR. |
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Definition
| 1) LIVER, 2) SKELETAL MUSCLES, 3) BRAIN, 4) HEART, 5) KIDNEYS |
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| 29. Maintaining _____ through aging can help slow the loss of lean tissue and maintain the RMR. |
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Definition
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| 30. How much does RMR decrease each decade after the age of 30? |
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Definition
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| 31. Why does one’s RMR decrease as they age? |
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Definition
| ORGANS BECOME LESS METABOLICLY ACTIVE, AND A LOSS OF LEAN MUSCLE MASS |
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| 32. Why do women have an RMR that is 5-10% less than men? |
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Definition
| WOMEN POSSESS MORE BODY FAT AND LESS MUSCLE MASS THAN A MAN OF THE SAME WEIGHT AND SIZE |
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| 33. African-American men and women have a _____ RMR than Caucasians and the magnitude of difference between the races is similar for both men and women. |
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Definition
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| 34. A low RMR was found to be predictive of _____ over a 4-year period. |
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Definition
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| 35. A _____ measure the exact quantity of food a person consumed. |
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Definition
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| 36. A _____ is used for detecting if a person actually eats something over a specified time period. |
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Definition
| FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONAIRE |
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| 37. Although energy restricted diets should assist weight control efforts by creating a negative energy balance, data now shows that severe calorie restriction may actually hinder attempts at weight control by reducing the _____. |
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Definition
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| 38. Even though less than 20$ of the RMR is attributed to skeletal muscle, the most dramatic effect on metabolic rate is _____. |
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Definition
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| 39. It is believed that _____ may help prevent age-related weight gain in sedentary individuals, and that the protective mechanism may be an altered RMR. |
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Definition
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| 40. Is there a significant difference in RMR among strength-trained, aerobically trained, and untrained women. |
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Definition
| NO, STRENGTH TRAINING NOR EROBIC EXERCISE PREVENT THE DECLINE IN RMR |
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| 41. Measurements taken during a treadmill exercise in mildly overweight women who were cyclical dieters and healthy weight as well as non-dieting controls demonstrated that relative exercise energy expenditure was significantly _____ in the dieters than the non-dieters. |
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Definition
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| 42. Daily _____ at 60% VO2max, initiated 2 weeks after a very low calorie diet, normalized the diet induced dip in RMR and attenuated the diet-induced loss in lean body mass. |
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Definition
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| 43. A meta-analysis by Ballor found that exercise training does not differently affect RMR during weight loss, nor enhance RMR during weight loss, and that reductions in RMR normally seen during weight loss are proportional to the loss of _____. |
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Definition
| METABOLICALLY ACTIVE TISSUE |
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Term
| 44. It is believed that the variability in the metabolic response to diet restriction and exercise among individuals is influenced by these 3 things. |
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Definition
| 1) TYPE OF OBESITY, 2) CELLULAR EXPRESSION OF OBESITY, 3) GENOTYPE OF OBESITY |
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| 45. During both acute exercise and in response to long-term training, as exercise intensity increases, the duration that can be sustained _____. |
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| 46. During exercise, _____ energy sources increase in concert with increasing exercise intensity. |
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| 47. Conversely, as intensity decreases and duration increase, there is a greater contribution of energy from _____. |
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Definition
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| 48. Fuel selection during exercise is associated with muscle fiber type; so that as exercise intensity increases, muscle fiber recruitment moved from almost purely _____ to incorporate progressively more _____, thus changing the capacity for oxidative metabolism. |
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Definition
| AEROBIC TYPE 1 FIBERS; GLYCOLYTIC TYPE 2 FIBERS |
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| 49. The effect of exercise intensity on fuel preference is well described and is characterized by a point at around 45-50 VO2max where fuel preference changes from mainly fat to mainly _____. |
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Definition
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| 50. Since most athletes and other active individuals train and compete at exercise intensities in excess of 50% VO2max, _____ is clearly the preferred energy source. |
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