Term
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Definition
| Any attitude, emotion or behavior towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards that group. |
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Term
| Authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| Derives from a theory which holds that prejudice is mostly explained by a personality trait (authoritarianism), and that this trait derives from a particular kind of family environment, in which the child is subject to a very strict and morally censorious upbringing. |
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Definition
| A particular form of prejudice, in which the target is Jewish people |
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Definition
| Technically, an outlook in which everything is seen from the perspective of the person's ingroup. It is often used to denote a prejudiced attitude towards outgroups in general. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that derives from a particular kind of family environment, in which the child is subject to a very strict and morally censorious upbringing. |
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Definition
| A cognitive style associated with authoritarianism, in which the person has a preference for viewing the world in very clearly defined ways and finds ambiguity aversive. |
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Definition
| A cognitive style which recognizes the existence of multiple perspectives and hypothesizes how they might be interrelated. |
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Term
| Cognitive closure (need for) |
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Definition
| A strong desire to arrive at a definite answer to a problem rather than being able to tolerate some ambiguity in the solution. |
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Definition
| A particular form of prejudice, in which foreigners are the target group. |
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Term
| Right-wing authoritarianism |
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Definition
| A modern variant of the traditional authoritarianism personality trait; it comprises submission to authorities, aggression towards deviants or "outsiders" and adherence to orthodox moral codes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the sub-components of a measure correlate well to each other. A commonly used index of internal reliability is Cronbach's alpha. |
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Definition
| The extent to which a measure yields similar results on two separate occasions; it is often measured by the correlation between scores at different time points. |
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Definition
| A personality trait similar to authoritarianism, but thought to be equally applicable to people with strong left or right-wing political views. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure is said to be valid if it provides a good indication or approximation of the construct it is aiming to measure. |
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Definition
| A theory according to which prejudice and discrimination are thought to be manifestations of a universal human tendency to form unequal group-based structures, in which members of some groups have the power to subjugate members of others. |
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Term
| Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) |
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Definition
| A measure of the extent to which an individual endorses an ideological viewpoint which favors unequal social relationships, especially between groups. |
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Definition
| Pertaining to the origins or causes of a phenomenon. |
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Definition
| The cognitive process of segmenting the (social) world into discrete units. |
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Term
| Intercategory differentiation |
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Definition
| The tendency to see members of different categories to be more dissimilar than they really are. |
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Term
| Intracategory assimilation |
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Definition
| The tendency to see members of the same category to be more similar than they really are. |
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Term
| Intergroup discrimination |
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Definition
| Any behavior which treats members of two (or more) groups differently, usually by way of favoring one group over the other(s). |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental setting involving the creation of two (or more) artificial groups, where participants have no knowledge of or interaction with members of their group or of the other(s), and then are asked to allocate resources (usually money) to anonymous members of the different groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| An evaluative or behavioural strategy which seeks to establish a positive difference between the ingroup and the outgroup. |
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Term
| Positive-negative asymmetry effect |
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which behavioural or attitudinal discrimination is different and usually stronger along positively valued dimensions than along negatively valued dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Below the threshold of awareness. |
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Term
| Perceived intragroup homogeneity |
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Definition
| The degree to which members of one group are seen as similar to each other. |
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Term
| Outgroup homogeneity effect |
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Definition
| A perception that members of the outgroup are more similar to each other than members of the ingroup are. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which members of the ingroup are seen as similar to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ease with which a given cognitive construct comes to someone's mind defines its accessibility. |
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Definition
| The extent to which a set of stimuli are seen as forming a single unit or group. |
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Definition
| The degree to which a certain categorization maximizes the perceived differences between members of different groups whilst simultaneously minimizing the differences between members of the same group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure by which the presentation of one stimulus is made to affect the processing of a subsequent stimulus. |
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Term
| Ingroup over-exclusion effect |
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Definition
| A tendency to categorize someone as belonging to an outgroup rather than to the ingroup. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the beliefs of two (or more) people are seen as similar. In one theory (the belief congruence theory) this is thought to determine people's prejudice. |
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Definition
| The attribution of various features to people on the basis of their membership of a particular group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The triggering and setting into operation of some stereotypic attribute or expectancy about a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something which occurs without effort or will, often without awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory which is concerned with lay people's beliefs about the causes of human behavior. |
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Term
| Ultimate attribution error |
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Definition
| A tendency to ascribe the positive behavirs of ingroup members to internal causes and negative behaviors to external causes. Correspondingly, positive outgroup behaviors are attributed extenally, which negative behaviors are seen to have internal origins. |
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Term
| Linguistic intergroup bias |
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Definition
| A tendency to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup actions in abstract generalized terms, and negative ingroup and positive outgroup actions in a more concrete manner (see ultimate attribution error). |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of mind where one's present cognitive resources are taken up by ("busy with") some ongoing mental activity. |
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Term
| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| A situation where stereotypic expectancies from a target bring about in it changes which are in line with, and hence reinforce, those expectancies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Redefining a category and its associated attributes so that (apparent) disclaimers as to its validity or applicability can be accommodated or explained away. |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of sub-groups within a category so as to accommodate category members who do not easily fit within the broader category definition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The active attempt not to use a particular group stereotype in making a social judgement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation where the intention to avoid stereotyping someone results in even greater stereotype activation or usage than before. |
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