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VITAMIN A
function
deficiency
excess |
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Definition
antioxidant, visual pigment, differentiation of epithelial cells, prevents squamos metaplasia. Used to treat measles and AML (M3)
Night blinds, dry skin
Arthralgias, fatigue, skin changes, alopecia, teratogenic |
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Term
VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)
function
deficiency |
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Definition
cofactor for several enzymes in decarboxylation
pyruvate dehydrogenase
a-KG dehydrogenase
transketolase
Branched chain AA dehydrogenase
Impaired glucose breakdown causing ATP depletion.
Wernicke-Koraskoff (confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia)
Dry Beriberi - polyneuritis and muscle wasting
Wet beriberi - high output heart failure and edema |
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Term
VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
function
deficiency |
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Definition
Cofactor in oxidation and reduction reactions
Cheilosis, Corneal vascularization |
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Term
VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)
function
deficiency
excess |
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Definition
part of NAD+ and NADP+ used in redox reactions (synthesized from tryptophan with B6 as a cofactor)
Glossitis, eventually pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
often caused by Hartnup disease (less tryptophan absorption)
carcinoid (increased tryptophan metabolism)
INH (decreased B6)
Excess: facial flushing |
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VITAMIN B5 (PANTOTHENATE)
function
deficiency |
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Definition
Component of CoA and fatty acid synthase
Adrenal insufficiency, Alopecia, Dermatitis, Enteritis (AdADE) |
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Term
VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
function
deficiency |
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Definition
converted to pyridoxal phosphate for use in transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase, synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin and GABA
Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia
Often see deficiency in INH or OCP use |
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VITAMIN B12
function
deficiency
storage/source
diagnosis |
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Definition
cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase
macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, neurologic symptoms
several years worth stored in the liver from microorganisms in animal products
schilling test |
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Term
FOLIC ACID
function
deficiency
storage/source |
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Definition
becomes THF, a coenzyme for methylation reactions important in DNA and RNA synthesis, neural tube defects in utero
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia with NO NEURO. Seen in alcoholics, pregnancy, MTX, phenytoin, sulfas
small storage in liver, get it from leafy greens |
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Term
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Definition
methionine+ATP
transfers methyl units
used to convert NorEpi to Epi |
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Term
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Definition
cofactor in carboxylation recations
pyruvate carboxylase
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Propuonyl-CoA carboxylase
Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis
Seen in antibiotic use or eating lots of raw eggs |
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Term
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
function
deficiency
excess |
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Definition
Antioxidant, iron absorption, hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, converting dopamine to NorEpi
Scurvy (swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, weak immune system)
Excess: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, sleep problems, increased risk of iron toxicity |
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Term
VITAMIN D2
alternate name
source |
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Definition
ergocaliferol
ingested from plants |
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Term
VITAMIN D3
alternate name
source |
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Definition
cholecalciferol
consumed in milk, formed in sun exposed skin |
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Definition
| storage form of vitamin D |
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Definition
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VITAMIN D
function
deficiency
excess |
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Definition
increase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increased bone resorption
Rickets/Osteomalacia - hypocalcemic tetany (breast milk is low in vitamin D)
Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor (seen in sarcoid) |
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VITAMIN E
function
deficiency |
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Definition
Antioxidant in erythrocytes
fragile RBCs (hemolytic anemia), muscle weakness, posterior column/spinocerebellar demyelination |
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VITAMIN K
function
deficiency
source |
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Definition
catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid on clotting factors 10, 9, 7, 2, C and S
increased PT, PTT, often seen after antibiotics or in neonates not given a supplement
Comes from intestinal bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
essential for activity of LOTS of enzymes and zinc finger proteins
delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, less hair, distorted taste and lack of smell, increase risk of alcoholic cirrhosis |
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Term
| How does ethanol cause hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
Metabolism of alcohol requires generating lots of NADH which is converted back to NAD+ by creating lactic acid from pyruvate and by creating malate from OAA.
These two steps inhibit gluconeogenesis and stimulate fatty acid synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
protein malnutrition causes MEAL
Malnutrition
Edema
Anemia
Liver (fatty due to reduced apolipoprotein synthesis)
Small child with swollen belly |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy malnutrition causing tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subQ fat and variable edema |
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