Term
| Where in the cell does fatty acid oxidation happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does acetyl-CoA production happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does glycolysis happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the HMP shunt happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does heme synthesis happen? |
|
Definition
| Both Mitochondria and Cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does the Urea cycle happen? |
|
Definition
| Both mitochondria and cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell does gluconeogenesis happen? |
|
Definition
| Both in the mitochondria and in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis?
What are the positive and negative regulators |
|
Definition
Phophofuctokinase-1 (PFK1)
Positive: AMP, Fructose-2,6-BP
Negative: ATP, citrate |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Glycogen synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of the HMP shunt? |
|
Definition
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of De novo purine synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of the Urea cycle? |
|
Definition
| Caramoyl phosphate synthase 1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Fatty acid oxidation? |
|
Definition
| Carnitine acyltransferase 1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Ketogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What shuttle pathway is used in the heart/liver?
How many ATP does it produce? |
|
Definition
malate-aspartate shuttle
32 |
|
|
Term
What shuttle pathway is used in muscle?
How many ATP does it produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hexokinase vs. Glucokinase
What cells use it
Why? |
|
Definition
Hexokinase is ubiquitous. Phosphorylates glucose into G6P for glycolysis
Glucokinase only in liver and pancreatic beta cells. Allows liver to phosphorylate excess glucose to serve as storage for when more is needed (first step of glycogen synthesis) |
|
|
Term
Hexokinase vs. Glucokinase
Km and Vmax |
|
Definition
Hexokinase has high affinity (low Km) and low capacity (low Vmax)
Glucokinase has low affinity (high Km) and high capacity (high Vmax) |
|
|
Term
Hexokinase vs. Glucokinase
effect of insulin |
|
Definition
Hexokinase: no effect
Glucokinase: induced by insulin |
|
|
Term
Hexokinase vs. Glucokinase
inhibition |
|
Definition
Hexokinase: feedback inhibited by Glucose-6-P
Glucokinase: no feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Co-factors for PDH complex |
|
Definition
Pyrophosphate (B1)
FAD (B2)
NAD (B3)
CoA (B5)
Lipoic Acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. converted to alanine to bring amino groups to the liver
2. converted to OAA for gluconeogenesis or replenish TCA
3. converted to Acetyl-CoA to enter TCA
4. converted to lactate for anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose
Glucoose-6phosphate
Fructose-6phosphate
Fructose-1,6phosphate
DHAP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1-3 bisphosphoglycerol
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly inhibits electron transport, reducing proton gradient and ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly blocks electron transport, reducing proton gradient and ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly inhibits electron transport decreasing proton gradient and blocking ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly inhibits electron transport decreasing proton gradient and inhibiting ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
directly inhibits ATP synthase
increases proton gradient |
|
|
Term
| Aspirin's affect on ATP synthesis |
|
Definition
| inhibits it by proton uncoupling (removing the proton gradient) |
|
|
Term
Thermogenin:
where is it found
what does it do |
|
Definition
brown fat
uncoupling agent, lowers proton gradient in mitochondria thus decreasing ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of fats can be used for gluconeogenesis and why? |
|
Definition
Odd chain fatty acids only since they produce a propionyl-CoA that can be converted to succinyl-CoA, enter the TCA cycle and lead to gluconeogenesis.
Even chain fatty acids only produce acetyl-CoA which cannot lead to gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| irreversible enzymes in gluconeogenesis, their locations, reactions, and cofactors |
|
Definition
Pyruvate Carboxylase converts pyruvate to OAA in mitos, uses biotin and ATP
PEP carboxykinase converts OAA to PEP in cyto, requires GTP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase converts F16bisP to F6P in cyto
Glucose-6-phosphatase converts Glu6P to Glu in the ER |
|
|
Term
Sorbitol is the alcohol form of what sugar?
Sorbitol can be dehydrogenated into what sugar?
What enzymes do these? |
|
Definition
Alcohol form of GLUCOSE via ALDOSE REDUCTASE
Dehydrogenated into FRUCTOSE via SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE |
|
|
Term
| What cells are unable to metabolize sorbitol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Essential amino acids
Ketogenic amino acids
Glucogenic amino acids
Keto/Glucogenic amino acids |
|
Definition
Essential: PVT TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
Ketogenic: LL
Leu,Lys
Glucogenic: His, Arg, Val, Met
Keto/glucogenic: the rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acidic: Asp and Glu
Basic: His, Lys, Arg |
|
|
Term
| Derivatives of Phenylalanine |
|
Definition
Tyrosine --> Thyroxine
Dopa --> Melanin
Dopamine
NE
Epi |
|
|
Term
| Derivatives of Tryptophan and cofactors needed |
|
Definition
Niacin (via B6) --> NAD+/NADP+
OR
Serotonin (via BH4) -->Melatonin |
|
|
Term
| Derivatives of Histidine and cofactors needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Derivatives of glycine and cofactors nedded |
|
Definition
| Porphyrin (via B6) --> Heme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Creatinine
Urea
Nitric Oxide |
|
|
Term
| Derivatives of glutamate and cofactors needed |
|
Definition
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