Term
| What does it mean to say that stem cells must be able to divide asymmetrically? |
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Definition
| they divide so that 1 daughter cell is capable of unlimited self-renewal and the other exhibits plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of differentiating into multiple cell types |
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Term
| T/F Stem cells all have the same high level of potency or potential. |
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Definition
| False, they have varying levels |
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Term
| What does totipotent mean? |
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Definition
| capable of forming all cells of the body |
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Term
| What does pluripotent mean? |
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Definition
| capable of forming most cell types in the body |
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Term
| What is the potency of Embryonic stem cells? Adult stem cells? |
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Definition
ESC: pluripotent
adult: multipotent |
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Term
| What does multipotent mean? |
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Definition
| capable of forming many cell types in one lineage |
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Term
| T/F Silencing by miRNA, DNA methylation, and histone modification affects gene expression and thus stemness and differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ stem cells are able to form a teratoma when injected into mice |
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Definition
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Term
| What stem cell can allow survival of tetraploid blastocysts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is when a nucleus of a somatic cell is put in an oocyte for therapuetic and reproductive cloning |
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Term
| How is peripheral blood stem cell transplant performed? |
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Definition
| donor is given growth factors to mobilize their stem cells into the peripheral blood. Donor stem cells are harvested by apheresis. Pt recieves stem cells as transfusion |
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Term
| How long does a patient spend in isolation after recieving bone marrow transplant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of bone marrow donors? |
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Definition
| 1) syngeic (twin) 2) allogeneic 3)autologous |
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Term
| For an MRD allogeneic bone marrow transplant, what must be matched between the donor and the patient? |
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Definition
| HLA must be matched at the A, B, and DRB-1 loci (6-antigen match) |
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Term
| If no related donors can be matched for an MRD allogeneic transplant, what is the next resort? |
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Definition
| matched unreated donors (MUD) from the national marrow donor program |
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Term
| Donors are supposed to be between ages 18-60, when is a pediatric donor used? |
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Definition
| used for autlogous or allogeneic donation to sibilings ONLY |
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Term
| How is bone marrow procured straight from the bone? |
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Definition
| posterior iliac crests while the donor is under regional or general anesthesia |
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Term
| How much bone marrow is needed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do you generally get more stem cells from peripheral blood method or straight from the bone method? |
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Definition
| generally get log fold more from periphearl blood |
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Term
| How is apheresis performed? |
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Definition
| blood is centrifuged down to plasma, buffy coat, and RBCs. Stem cells are removed from the plasma |
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Term
| What state must the patient be in before recieving BMT? |
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Definition
| must be immunosuppressed to prevent rejection of transplanted graft and eradicate teh disease for which the transplant is being performed. (usually involves high doses of chemotherapy +/- radiation) |
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Term
| What are side effects of chemotherapy? |
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Definition
| mucositis, N/V, diarrhea, alopecia, rash, peripheral neuropathies, pulmonary and hepatic toxicity. |
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Term
| What are some possible side effects of stem cell transplants? |
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Definition
| infection, sepsis, veno-occlusive disease, transplant associated lung injury, graft vs. host disease |
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Term
| What is veno-occlusive disease? |
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Definition
| sinusoidal obstruction in the liver |
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Term
| What is Graft versus host disease? |
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Definition
| occurs when T cells and NK cells in the donor graft recognize host antigens as foreign and attack |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of acute GVHD? |
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Definition
| happens in the first 100 days post transplant-involves skin, mucosal surfaces, gut and liver- involves a cytokine storm |
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Term
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Definition
| T cell depletion of graft and immunosuppressive drugs. Also, DNA based tissue typing now being done |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What's the upside to GVHD? |
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Definition
| a little GVHD helps get rid of the tumor and prevent relapse. ALso, T cell depleted grafts don't take as well |
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Term
| How many pts who recieve bone marrow transplants experience chronic GVHD? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is chronic GVHD worse in peripheral blood or bone marrow aspiration BMTs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the pros and cons of cord-blood transplants? |
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Definition
Pros- guarenteed a donor, quick, no CMV
Cons- 1/10 number of cells, takes longer to engraft, chance of maternal contamination, adults need more than 1 cord-blood donor |
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Term
| How are MSC isolated from HSCs? |
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Definition
| MSCs have ability to stick to plastic cell culture dishes |
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Term
| T/F mesenchymal stromal cell can become any one of the three germ layers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most MSC cells express which CD markers? |
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Definition
| CD29 (integrin b1), CD44 (hyaluronate receptor), CD73, CD90, and CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1). They arenegative for HSC markers (CD35, CD45, and CD14) |
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Term
| What are the trophic effects of MSCs? |
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Definition
| they secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that mediate repair by limiting stress response, inhibiting apoptosis and recruiting immune and reparative cells to the site |
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Term
| What are the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs? |
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Definition
| inhibit proliferation of T cells in response to mitogenic stimuli, change production of cytokines, reduced expression of MHC I and II molecules, facilitate engraftment |
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Term
| What is the role of MSC in wound healing? |
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Definition
| they are attracted to wound area and then release factors to stimulate repair and recruitment of other cells for repair |
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Term
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Definition
| Induced plruipotent stem cells--reprogramming of an adult fully differentiated cell to a cell that is embryonic-like |
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Term
| The four genes introduced to create iPS are called _________ factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are unresolved issues with iPSC? |
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Definition
| 1)retrovirals and plasmids for gene delivery 2)oncogenes used for pluripotency 3) transcriptional expression/methylation profiles |
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Term
| What's the difference between iPSC and ESC? |
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Definition
| duplications in parts of some chromosomes, changes in SNPs (point mutations occur), over a thousand differentially methylated regions between iPSC and ESC |
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Term
| Cancer stem cells are the probably cause of which types of cancers... |
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Definition
| hematologic cancers, breast, colon, brain |
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Term
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Definition
| drug is given to 20-80 people for the first time to evaluate safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects |
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Term
| What are phase II clinical trials? |
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Definition
| experimental study drug or treatment is given to 100-300 people to determine if it is effective and further evaluate its safety |
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Term
| What is phase III trials? |
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Definition
| when the experiemental drug or treatment is given to 1,000 to 3,000 people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments and collect info that will allow the treatment/drug to be used safely |
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Term
| What are phase IV trials? |
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Definition
| post marketing studies delineat additional info including the drug's risks, benefits, and optimal use |
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