1. Identify a problem

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Operationally define key terms

4. Plan & conduct a study

5. Analyze data

6. Write a report

a. participants volunteer to serve in a project

b. only after being informed about all aspects

c. know they can withdrawl at any time

-Institutional Review Board

: reviews research and makes sure it is ethical

: randomly assigned

1. X & Y must be correlated

2. Proper "time priority" (changes in X must preceed changes in Y)

: happens out in real world without influence

1. disguised

2. undisguised

: become apart of a group without influencing it

1. disguised

2. undisguised

: inspecting records, fragments, & products of past behavior to glean informationa

1. use- results from use of an item

2. accretion- physicaly evidence of wear

3. products- artifacts of earlier behavior

: average of a distribution of scores

(Central tendency)

- interval or ratio scale

: the middle score of the distribution

(Central tendency)

- ordinal, interval, or ratio scale

: most frequently occuring score in a distribution

(Central tendency)

- only measure appropriate for nominal data

: the average squared deviation of thes cores in a distribution between the scores and their mean

(Variablitiy)

- interval or ratio scales

: average difference between scores and their mean

(Variance)

- interval or ratio scales

: standard scores that indicate the location of raw scores in relation to teh mean in SD units

OR

: the number of standard deviation units that raw score in a given distribution falls above (positive) or below (negative) teh mean of that distribution

: the researcher's belief or hunch about the relationship between teh variables under study.

-usually states that the variables are related in some way

Null Hypothesis

(H₀)

: always states that there is NO relationship between the variables under study

- any pattern in the study suggesting a relationship is due to sampling error

Alternative Hypothesis

(H₁)

: in direct opposition to the null hypothesis; suggests that there is a relationship between variables

- usually in harmony with the research hypothesis

1= directional

2= non-directional

: values in a sampling distribution that define the critical regions of rejection, and separate the significant from non-significant values

-determined by the significance level chosen by the researcher

1. an IV is manipulated

2. a high degree of control is maintained over the research situation (balanced, constant)

3. proper comparison on the DV is made with a control group

: different participants serve in each of the conditions of the experiemnt and are randomly assigned

- enhances internal validity by balancing charactaristics

- enhances external validity through representative samples of the population

: different participants serve in each of the conditions of the experiment and are randomly assigned after being matched on some relevant variable

- generally for smaller groups

: all conditions are given to each subject several times with a different order of adminstration

- balances

: all conditions are given to each subject one time; administration is different for different subjects

- neutralized

: resemble a True Experiment but lack degree of control; random assignment is not possible

- difficult to draw causual conclusions

: IV systematically varied is an indiviual difference

-measures DV (some behavior) to determine if it differs in some way accross the different levels of the IV

O1 O2 O3 O4 O5

X

O6 O7 O8 O9 O10

: intensive descriptive & analysis of a single individual

-NOT an experimental resarch procedure (PTL!)

1. may generate testable hypothesises

2. provides an opportunity for clinical innovation

3. proved a method for studying rare phenomena

4. may provide a challenge to theoretical assumptions

5. may provide support for a psychological theory

6. can complement research carried out with groups

1. difficulty in drawing cause-effect conclusions about relationships due to lack of control

2. observeer bias in interpretation

3. bias in collection of data

4. difficulty in generalizing results to whole population

: focuses on an examination of behavior change in one individual

- IV is manipulated; DV measured under carefully controlled conditions THEREFORE cause-effect relationships can be established

: baseline phase (A) is followed by a treatment phase (B), and then the treatment is withdrawn, returning to the baseline condition (A), and then the treatment is re-introduced

-(graph) looks like zig-zags

: evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment for two or more target behaviors or in two or more settings

- (graph) subjects= lines decreasing & crossed

- (graph) situation= lines decreasing

- (graph) behaviors= lines increasing

a. visual inspection of a graph (magnitude, changes in trend)

b. clinical significance (social comparison, subjective evaluation)

a. frequency (event/interval recording)

b. duration: legth of time from beginning of behavioral response until it ends

c. intensity: how much time passes before the behavior occurs

d. latency: length of time that elapses between instructions & the occurance of behavior

a. carry-over effects

b. unstable baselines

c. limited external validity (generalizability)

d. inability to assess interactions between variables

: the extent to which 2 variables are related to each other, such that changes in the value of variable X are accompanied by systemic changes in the value of variable Y

- measured using correlation coefficient

: strength of a correlation between 2 variables

- determined by how consistently the values of variable Y change with changes in the values of variable X

pos: X & Y change consistently in the same direction

neg: X & Y change consistently in the opposite direction

1. if z-scores on variables X & Y are identical and the same sign= positive 1.0

2. if scores on variables X & Y are identical but the opposite sign= negative 1.0