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| the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusion or answer questions. |
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| organizing and summarizing data through numerical summaries, table, and graphs |
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| uses methods that take results from a sample, extends them to the population, and measures the reliability of the result |
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| a numerical summary of a population |
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| a numerical summary of a sample |
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| characteristics of the individuals within the population |
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| classify of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic |
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| numerical measures of individuals |
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| has a finite number of possible values or countable number of possible values |
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| has an infinite number of possible values it can take on an can be measured to any desired level of accuracy |
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| values of the variable name, label, or categorize, but not ranked or ordered |
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| the ratios of the values of the variable have meaning. Arithmetic operations such as multiplication and division can be performed on the values of the variabe |
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| measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variables |
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| research attempts to influence the value of the response variable by intentionally chaining the value of the explanatory variable |
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| in a study occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variable are not separated |
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| an explanatory variable that was not considered in a study, but may effect the value of the response variable in the study |
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| list of all individuals in a population along with certain characteristics each individual |
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| Observational studies that collect information about individuals |
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| retrospective studies, meaning that they require individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records. In case-control studio, individuals that have certain characteristics are mated with those that do not |
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| identifies a group of individuals to participate in the study (cohort). The cohort is then observed over a period of time. Over this time period, characteristics about the individuals are recorded. Because the data is collected over time, cohort studies are prospective |
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| the process of using chance to select individuals from a population of size N where every possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of occurring |
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1) Obtain a frame that lists all the individuals in the population
2) Number the individuals in the frame 1 - n
3)Use a random number table, graphing calculator, or statical software to randomly generate n numbers where n is the desired sample size |
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one in which the individuals in the sample are easily obtained
studies that use this type of sampling generally have results that are suspect. Results should be looked upon with extreme skepticism |
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obtained by separating the population into homogenous non-overlappping groups called strata
then obtain a simple random sample from each statum |
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obtained by selecting every k individual from the population
the first individual selected is a random number between 1 and k |
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| obtained by selecting all individuals within randomly selected collection or group of individuals |
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| lists each category of data and the number of occurrences |
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| Relative frequency distribution |
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| lists the relative frequency of each category of data |
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| the proportion ( or percent ) of observations within a category and is found using the formula |
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relative frequency =________frequency _________________
sum of all frequencies |
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