Term
| What are distribution maps? and what are the 2 levels of patterning? |
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Definition
they are important within archaeological and heritage research.
1. distribution of sites and objects in landscape.(INTER-SITE)
2. distribution of artefacts or objects within a site.(INFRA-SITE) |
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Term
| What are the 4 Site Distribution Problems? |
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Definition
| Difficulty of defining a site, Difficulty of establishing contemporaneity, Difficulty of differential survival, Differential detection/ Fieldwork intensity. |
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Term
| What are the problems with Artefact distributions and how to resolve then? |
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Definition
| Against problem of interpretation of blank areas, problems associated with the definition of artefacts types. The use of colour differences, size and amounts within symbols can prevent confusion |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of Spatial Analysis? |
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Definition
| Point Pattern Analysis (distribution maps) and Regression and Trend surface analysis (artefact movement) |
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Term
| What are Quadrat Methods? and what are the advantages and disadvantages? |
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Definition
Area is divided up into uniform grids of squares, count number of points in each square, test the observed number against the theoretical random distribtuion (x(squared)).
Advantages= archaeological and heritage information use this manner, may not have the exact location of the find location.
Disadvantage= results seriously affected by the size of the quadrat, results affected by shape of quadrat, archaeological distributions are often a small number of points and not enough to give significant results. |
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Term
| What are Thiessen Polygons? |
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Definition
| A distance method- Drawing of lines at right angles through the mid point of lines. Used as an idea of territory or service area |
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Term
| What are the 3 main criticisms of Thiessen Polygons? |
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Definition
| Assumption of uniformity of landscape, mechanical approach to human behaviour- functionalist, failure to incorporate the importance of each centre. |
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Term
| What is Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA)? |
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Definition
| A distance method- calculating the mean nearest neighbour value of all near neighbours. |
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Term
| What is the Clarke Evans NNA? |
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Definition
P=density of points, n=Number of points, A= area
P= (n-1)/A
Mean nearest neighbour distance- Observed Nearest Neighbour= r(o)
Expected Nearest Neighbour=
r(e)= 1/2(squareroot)p
R=r(o)/r(e)
R=1 - Random Distribution
R<1 Clustered
R>1 Regular |
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Term
| What are the 3 Limitations of NNA? |
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Definition
| Difficult to delimit size of area, Prescence of boundary itself influences results, certain regular patterns may appear random |
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Term
| What are the 3 Limitations of NNA? |
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Definition
| Difficult to delimit size of area, Prescence of boundary itself influences results, certain regular patterns may appear random |
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Term
| The Two types of measuring density of distribution of an artefact are? |
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Definition
| to measure the proportion of that type of artefact as a % of all similiar artefacts, Measure the density of sites at which the artefact is found in zones around centre. |
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Term
| What is Trend surface analysis and Grid Generalization? |
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Definition
Trend surface analysis is used to produce a contour map of the density of a type of artefact.
Grid generalisation- a map divided into quadrats. |
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