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Statistics
300 level statistics class
30
Mathematics
Undergraduate 3
03/11/2011

Additional Mathematics Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Concept
Definition
Idea or mental construct that represents phenomena in the real world.
Term
Models
Definition
Come from observing facts and processes and how they relate. All models are not accurate.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The extent to which a measurement is a consistent measure of a concept.
Term
Validity
Definition
The extent a measurement records the true value of the intended characteristic and does not measure any unintended characteristics.
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
Start with theory, hypothesis, test. arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises or hypotheses.
Term
Inductive Reasoining
Definition
Gather data, run test, discover relationship, make theories. Inductive reasoning allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false, even where all of the premises are true.
Term
Variable
Definition
Something that changes. Can be measured, or ranked. Gender can not be measured or ranked.
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Answers the question "What do I observe?"
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
Answers the question "What do I change?"
Term
Antecedent Variable
Definition
Farther removed in time. Occurs before the independent variable and the dependent variable. Would be one that influences both the independent variable and the dependent variable.
Term
Intervening Variable
Definition
Affected by the Antecedent Variable and closer in time to the (DV). Element that is presumed to explain or provide a link between other variables.
Term
Null Hypothesis
Definition
No relationship between variables.
Term
Research Hypothesis
Definition
Opposite of Null Hypothesis. There is a relationship between DV & IV. No direction indicated.
Term
Directional/Alternative Hypothesis
Definition
There is a relationship between DV & IV and in what direction.
Term
What makes a good Hypothesis?
Definition
Testable, empirical, general, plausible, specific concepts & variables.
Term
Normal Bell Curve 3 characteristics.
Definition
1. 3 measures of tendency (mean, median, mode) have the same value.
2. Symmetrical to the central point (mean, median, mode).
3. All cases fall under the curve.
Term
Lit Review
Definition
Review of info already published on the topic you plan to study.
Term
Ecological Fallacy
Definition
Can't talk about individuals when you are comparing groups.
Term
Nominal Level of measurement
Definition
Lowest level of measurement. Categories that have no order to them. Examp: color, gender, countries. Can only be one.
Term
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Definition
Higher than Nominal Level. Categories that have order to them. Examp: not liberal, some liberal, strong liberal
Term
Interval Level of Measurement
Definition
Higher than Ordinal Level. Ordered categories that have meaning. Examp: age, temp, %, $, amount of something
Term
Ratio Level of Measurement
Definition
Highest level of measurement. Same properties as Interval Level but has a 0 value. The absence of something.
Term
Rule for Levels of Measurement
Definition
Higher levels can be measured at lower levels, but lower ones cannot be measured at higher ones.
Term
Research Design
Definition
Formal detailed plan for research.
Term
7 Components of a Research Design
Definition
Specific research question, specify hypothesis, lit review, data (IV & DV), procedures used, findings, conclusions
Term
Cross Sectional Data
Definition
Groups or individuals in 1 point in time. Examp: Countries in 1990
Term
Longitudinal Data
Definition
Repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time -- often many decades.
Term
Panel Data
Definition
Form of Longitudinal Data in which observations are collected on the different groups over a period of time.
Term
Experimental Research Design
Definition
Controlled environment, experimenter allowed to manipulate IV.
Term
Non-Experimental Research Design
Definition
Used mostly in Political Science. No random assignment, directional hypothesis.
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