Term
| Methods for organizing and summarizing information and includes the construction of graphs, charts, and tables and the calculations of various measures such as averages, measures of variation, and percentiles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods for drawing and measuring the reliability of conclusions about a population based on the information obtained from a sample of the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods for drawing and measuring the reliability of conclusions about a population based on the information obtained from a sample of the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| The collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study. |
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Definition
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Term
| That part of the population from which information is obtained. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical classification where researchers simply observe characteristics and take measurements, as in a sample survey. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical classification where researchers impose treatments and controls and then observe characteristics and take measurements. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical classification that can help establish causation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical classification that can reveal only association. |
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Definition
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Term
| Directly obtaining information from the entire population of interest. This method may be too time consuming, costly, impractical, or even impossible. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sample that reflects as closely as possible the relevant characteristics of the population under consideration. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sampling procedure where a random device is used to decide which members of the population will constitute the sample. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sampling procedure which guarantees that the techniques of inferential statistics can be applied. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sampling procedure for which each possible sample of a given size is equally likely to be the one obtained. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of simple random sampling. |
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Definition
1. With Replacement (population member can be selected more than once)
2. Without Replacement (population member can only be selected once) |
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Term
| Assumed type of simple random sampling in the textbook. |
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Definition
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Term
| A device such as a software program or a calculator where someone can obtain a simple random sample. |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify two methods other than census for obtaining information about a population. |
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Definition
| Sampling and experimentation |
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Term
| The sampling method you would use if you were going to conduct a face-to-face survey of individuals over a wide geographic area. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cluster Sampling Procedure - Step 1 |
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Definition
| Divide the population into groups or clusters. |
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Term
| Cluster Sampling Procedure - Step 2 |
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Definition
| Obtain a simple random sample of the clusters. |
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Term
| Cluster Sampling Procedure - Step 3 |
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Definition
| Use all the members of the clusters obtained in step 2 as the sample. |
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Term
| Describe a problem that may render a cluster sampling unrepresentative. |
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Definition
| Members of a cluster may be more homogeneous than the members of the entire population. |
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Term
| Which is easier to execute, simple random sampling or systematic random sampling? |
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Definition
| systematic random sampling |
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Term
| Systematic Random Sampling Procedure - Step 1 |
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Definition
| Divide the population size by the sample size and round the result down to the nearest whole number, m. |
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Term
| Systematic Random Sampling Procedure - Step 2 |
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Definition
| Use a random-number table or generator to obtain a number, k, between 1 and m. |
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Term
| Systematic Random Sampling Procedure - Step 3 |
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Definition
| Select for the sample those members of the population that are numbered k, k+m, k+2m, ... |
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Term
| Which is often more reliable, stratified sampling or cluster sampling? |
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Definition
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Term
| When strata or subpopulations are sampled in proportion to their size. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a survey combines one or more of simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified sampling. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stratified Random Sampling with Proportional Allocation Procedure - Step 1 |
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Definition
| Divide the population into subpopulations (strata). |
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Term
| Stratified Random Sampling with Proportional Allocation Procedure - Step 2 |
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Definition
| From each subpopulation (stratum), obtain a simple random sample of size proportional to the size of the stratum. (stratum sample size)=(total sample size)x(stratum size)/(population size) |
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Term
| Stratified Random Sampling with Proportional Allocation Procedure - Step 3 |
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Definition
| Use all the members obtained in step 2 as the sample. |
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Term
| A way of summarizing data that are measured on an interval scale (either discrete or continuous). It is often used in exploratory data analysis to illustrate the major features of the distribution of the data in a convenient form. It divides up the range of possible values in a data set into classes or groups. For each group, a rectangle is constructed with a base length equal to the range of values in that specific group, and an area proportional to the number of observations falling into that group. This means that the rectangles might be drawn of non-uniform height.It is only appropriate for variables whose values are numerical and measured on an interval scale. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. |
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Definition
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Term
| A plan for assigning subjects to treatment conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a designed experiment, the individuals or items on which the experiment is performed. |
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Definition
| Experimental Units. (People are often referred to as subjects) |
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Term
| The three principles of experimental design. |
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Definition
| Control, Randomization, and Replication |
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Term
| The three methods of obtaining information. |
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Definition
| Census, Sampling, and Experimentation |
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Term
| An example of experimental design: Three different groups of runners are subjected to different training methods. The runners are the __ __, the training methods, the __, where the three types of training methods constitute three levels of the __ 'type of training'. |
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Definition
| experimental units (subjects), treatments, factor |
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Term
| The characteristic of the experimental outcome that is to be measured or observed. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the principles of experimental design benefit a researcher? |
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Definition
| Improves the accuracy of the results. |
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Term
| In experiments, a ___ is something that researchers administer to experimental units. For example, a corn field is divided into four sections, different fertilizers are applied to each section to determine which produces the most corn. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ may imply the amount or magnitude that is administered to the experimental units. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an experiment, a variable whose effect on the response variable is of interest. |
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Definition
| Factor. Different treatments constitute different levels of a factor. |
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Term
| In a designed experiment, what five characteristics should be defined? |
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Definition
1. Experimental Units
2. Response Variable
3. Factors
4. Levels of Each Factor
5. Treatments |
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Term
| An experimental design in which all the experimental units are assigned randomly among all the treatments. |
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Definition
| Completely Randomized Design |
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Term
| An experimental design in which the experimental units are assigned randomly among all the treatments separately within each block. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the procedure by which experimental units are grouped into homogeneous clusters in an attempt to improve the comparison of treatments by randomly allocating the treatments within each cluster. |
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Definition
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Term
| If two groups take part in an experiment with one group receiving the specified treatment and the other an inactive treatment, what is the name of the group that receives the specified treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| If two groups take part in an experiment with one group receiving the specified treatment and the other an inactive treatment, what is the name of the group that receives the inactive (placebo) treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| A characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| A nonnumerically valued variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| A numerically valued variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| A quantitative variable whose possible values can be listed. |
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Definition
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Term
| A quantitative variable whose possible values form some interval of numbers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The values of a variable for one or more people or things. |
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Definition
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Term
| The information collected, organized, and analyzed by statisticians. |
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Definition
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Term
| The information collected, organized, and analyzed by statisticians. |
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Definition
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Term
| Values of a qualitative variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Values of a quantitative variable |
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Definition
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Term
| Values of a discrete variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Values of a continuous variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each individual piece of data. |
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Definition
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Term
| The collection of all observations for a particular variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| A graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis. The frequency of each class is represented by a vertical bar whose height is equal to the frequency of the class. |
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Definition
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Term
| A graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the relative frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis. The relative frequency of each class is represented by a vertical bar whose height is equal to the relative frequency of the class. |
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Definition
| Relative-Frequency Histogram (Better than frequency histograms for comparing two data sets) |
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Term
| Putting data into groups rather than treating each observation individually. |
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Definition
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Term
| Categories for grouping data |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of observations that fall in a class |
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Definition
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Term
| A listing of all classes and their frequencies |
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Definition
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Term
| The ratio of the frequency of a class to the total number of observations |
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Definition
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Term
| A listing of all classes and their relative frequencies |
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Definition
| Relative-Frequency Distribution |
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Term
| The smallest value that could go in a class |
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Definition
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Term
| The smallest value that could go in the next higher class (equivalent to the lower cutpoint of the next higher class) |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle of a class, found by averaging its cutpoint |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between the cutpoints of a class |
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Definition
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