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| is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data |
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| is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values |
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| are the values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assume. |
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| variables whose values are determined by chance |
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| a collection of data values |
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| consists of the collection, organization, and summarization, and presentation of data |
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| consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied |
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| the chance of an event occuring |
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| is a group of subjects selected from a population |
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| decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples |
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| consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions |
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| variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristics or attribute |
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| are numerical and can be ordered or ranked |
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| assume values that can be counted |
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| can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals. |
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how variables are categorized, counted, or measured four different types are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
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| nominal level of measurement |
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| classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data |
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| ordianl level of measurement |
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| classifies data into categories that can be ranked, however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist |
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| interval level of measurement |
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| ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero |
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| ratio level of measurement |
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| possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population |
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| are selected by using chance methods or random numbers |
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| by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth subject |
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| dividing the population into groups according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group |
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| population divided into groups by some means such as geographic area or schools in a large school district |
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researcher uses subjects that are convienent. ex: subj entering a local mall |
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researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables |
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| experimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the researcher |
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| independent variable is also called |
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| resultant of experimental study from independent variable |
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| dependent variable is also called |
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| group that recieved special study |
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| group that recieved no special treatment |
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| when subjects who knew they were in a an experiment acutally changed their behavior in ways that effected the results of the study |
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