Shared Flashcard Set

Details

TJ Research & Stat Topics 1-3
Observational Units, Populations, etc.
38
Mathematics
9th Grade
09/16/2014

Additional Mathematics Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Always consider data in ______ and anticipate ________ ________ for the data collected and analyzed.
Definition
context, reasonable values
Term
Variable
Definition
Any characteristic of a person or thing that can be assigned a number or a category.
Term
Observational Unit
Definition
The person or thing that has a number or category assigned to it.
Term
Variables can be _______ or ________
Definition
categorical (a category designation, like gender) or quantitative (a numerical value, like height)
Term
Categorical variables can be _______
Definition
Binary; meaning they have only two possible categories.
Term
What is the most fundamental principle of statistics?
Definition
Variability
Term
Variability
Definition
The phenomenon of a variable taking on different values or categories from observational unit to observational unit.
Term
Data
Definition
Numbers or categories recorded for the observational units in a study.
Term
What should you always recite when deciding observational units?
Definition
We are recording  variable  from observational unit  to observational unit .
Term
Stasticis is the science of _____
Definition
Data (not mere numbers, until they have a meaning)
Term
Bar Graph
Definition
The visual display that displays the distribution of a categorical variable.
Term
Distribution of a Variable
Definition
The pattern of variation. With a categorical variable, distribution means the variable's possible categories and the proportion of responses in each.
Term
Dotplot
Definition
A visual display that is useful for displaying the distribution of relatively small datasets of a quanititve variable.
Term
Each dot in a dotplot represents a difference _________ ______.
Definition

Observational Unit

Additional Tips: 

  • Develop the habit of always labeling the axis with the name of the variable
  • Dotplots can be cumbersome to create by hand, so you can use technology
  • Dotplots pertain to quantitative variables, unlike bar graphs.

 

Term
What is the key word for statistical tendencies?
Definition
tend or something along those lines
Term
What should you (most of the time) put on the vertical axis of a bar graph?
Definition
A proportion or percentage
Term
Always begin to analyze data by ______
Definition
creating a graph
Term
Stastical Tendency
Definition
Observational units in one group being more likely to be in a certain category or to have higher values than those in another group.
Term
Consistency
Definition
How spread out (or variable) the values in a dataset are (quantitative): When describing distribution you refer to both the center and spread!
Term
Population
Definition
A study refers to the entire group of people or objects of interest.
Term
Sample
Definition
A typically small, part of the population from whom or which data are gathered to learn about the population as a whole.
Term
Representative Sample
Definition
A carefully selected sample that has similar characteristics to the population.
Term
Sample Size
Definition
The number of observational units studied in a sample
Term
Sampling Frame
Definition
An actual list of every member of the population that we want to sample from.
Term
Sampling Bias
Definition
A tendency to systematically overrepresent certain segments of the population and to underrepresent others.
Term
Voluntary Response
Definition
Samples collected in such a way that members of the population decide for themselves whether or not to participate
Term
Convenience Samples
Definition
People or things that are most readily accessible
Term
Parameter
Definition
A number that describes a population
Term
Statistic
Definition
A number that described a sample.
Term
Nonresponse
Definition
Conditions that have arisen that affects the survey but cannot be reported due to that condition
Term
Categorical Variables usually lead to a parameter/statistic _____ while a quantitative variable leads to _______
Definition
proportion, average
Term
Explanatory Variable
Definition
Variable whose effect you want to study
Term
Response Variable
Definition
The variable you suspect is affected by the other variable and considered the outcome of interest.
Term
Lurking Variables
Definition
Variables that are not considered in the study but  that may also be related to the response variable.
Term
Confounding Variables
Definition
Variables that prevent us from drawing a cause-effect conclusiong between the explanatory and response variables.
Term
Observational Study
Definition
Researchers passively observe and record information about observational units. Doesn't control for the possible effects of confounding variables: NO CAUSE AND EFFECT.
Term
In order to draw a cause-effect relationship
Definition
Impose the explanatory variable on the subjects in ways that the groups are nearly identical except for the explanatory variable
Term
When suggesting a potential confounding variable
Definition
Clearly link this variable to both the explanatory variable and the response variable. (Note: This is different from generalizing sample to population)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!