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| summarize qualitative or categorical data |
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| bars arranged from largest to smallest. Includes line graph displaying the cumulative percentage and counts for the bars. |
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| pattern of variability displayed by the data of a variable. Displays frequency |
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| represents each data value w/ a dot positioned along a scale. |
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| displays data of sample using the actual digits that make up the data values |
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| listing, often in chart form , that pairs values of a variable with their frequency. |
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| bar graph that represents a frequency distribution of a quantitative variable. Consists of: 1) title 2) vertical scale (frequencies) 3) horizontal scale (x variable) |
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| normal histogram- both sides identical |
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| uniform histogram- equal frequency |
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| skewed right histogram- tail is stretched longer on the right |
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| skewed left histogram-tail is stretched longer on the left side |
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| J-shaped histogram- no tail on the side of the class with the highest frequency (descending) |
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| bimodal histogram- two most populous classes separated by lower frequencies. |
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| measures of central tendency |
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| numerical values that locate the center of a set of data |
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| average- (sum of all x/ number of x) |
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| value of data that occupies the middle position when ranked in order. |
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| value of x that occurs most frequently |
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number exactly midway between lowest-valued data (L) and highest (H).
[(low value + high value)/2] |
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| numerical values that describe the amount of variability |
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difference in value between highest-valued data (H), and lowest (L).
(H-L) |
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| difference betwen the value of x and the mean (˜x) |
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(s^2), mean of the squared deviations, using n-1 as the divisor.
[ Σ(deviations squared)]/(number -1) |
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| (s) squar root of the variance |
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| describe position a specific data value possesses in relation ot the rest of the data when ranked. |
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100 equal subsets (nk/100)
n= number of data points
k= 25, 50, or 75 |
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| values of the variable that divide the ranked data intoquarters (Q1, Q2, Q3) |
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numerical value midway between first and third quartiles
(Q1+Q3)/2 |
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difference between the first and third quartiles.
(Q3-Q1) |
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- L, smallest value
- Q1, first quartile
- x˜, median
- Q3, third quartile
- H, largest value
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box-and-whiskers display-graphic representation of the 5 Number Summary
[image] |
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position a particular value of x has relative to the mean, measured in SD.
(value-mean)/SD |
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if a variable is normally distributed, then:
- 1 SD = 68% of data
- 2 SD = 95% of data
- 3 SD = 99.7% of data
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the proportion of any distribution that lies within k SD of the mean is atleast:
1-(1/k^2)
k=any number greater than 1 |
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