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Definition
| Is a collection of all individuals about which information is desired. ?The individuals? are usually people but could also be schools, cities, pet dogs, agricultural fields, and so on. |
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| Is a subset of the population selected that every individual has a specified probability of being part of the sample. |
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| The investigators gather opinions or other information from each individual included in the sample. |
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| Fir a properly conducted survey is a number that is added to and subtracted form the sample information to produce an interval that is 95% certain to contain the truth about the population. In the most common types of sample surveys, the margin of error is approximately equal to 1 divided by the square root of the number of individuals in the sample. |
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Definition
| Can occur when many people who are selected for the sample either do not respond at all or do not respond to some of the key survey questions. |
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| In most case, this kind of sample tells you nothing about the larger populations at all; it tells you only about those who responded. (Used by Magazines, television stations, and Internet websites) |
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Definition
| In most case, this kind of sample tells you nothing about the larger populations at all; it tells you only about those who responded. (Used by Magazines, television stations, and Internet websites) |
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| Is one in which participants are merely observed and measured. |
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| Is a characteristic that differs from one individual to the next. It may be numerical, such as blood pressure, or it may be categorical, such as whether or not someone attends church regularly. |
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Definition
| Is a variable that is not the main concern of the study buy may be partially responsible for the observed results. |
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| is a term used for numbers and category labels that have been collected but have not yet been processed in anyway. |
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Definition
| is a characteristic that can differ from one individual to the next. |
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Term
| Observational unit pg. 14 ? |
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Definition
| is a single individual who participates in a study. |
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Definition
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Term
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| for a study is the total number of Observational unit. |
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Definition
| is the complete set of raw data, for all Observational units and variables, in a survey or experiment. |
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Definition
| measurements are taken from a subset of a population. |
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Definition
| all individuals in a population are measured. |
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Definition
| a summary measure computed from sample data. |
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Definition
| a summary measure for an entire population. |
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Term
| Descriptive statistics pg. 15 ? |
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Definition
| a summary numbers for either a population or a sample. |
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Term
| Categorical Variable pg. 15, 17 ? |
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Definition
| consists of group or category names that don?t necessarily have any logical ordering. |
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Term
| Ordinal Variable pg. 16, 17 ? |
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Definition
| may be used to describe the data when a categorical variable has ordered category. |
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Term
| Quantitative Variable pg. 16, 17 ? |
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Definition
| is recorded as numerical value and the data are entire measurements or courts taken on each individual. |
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| Measurement Variable & Numerical Variable pg. 16 ? |
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Definition
| are synonyms for quantitative variable |
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| Continuous Variable pg. 16 ? |
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Definition
| can also be used for quantitative data when every value within some interval is a result. |
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Term
| Questions for Variable types pg. 17 & 18 ? |
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Definition
| are asking the right questions like, is it an One Categorical Variable, Two Categorical Variable, One Quantitative Variable, One Categorical Variable and One Quantitative Variable, and lastly Two Quantitative Variable. |
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Term
| Explanatory Variable pg. 18 - 21 |
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Definition
Any variable that explains the response variable. Often called an independent variable or predictor variable.
for an individual is thought to partially explain the value of the Response Variable pg. 18, 21 for that individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| a synonym for the count of how many observations fall into a category |
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Term
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Definition
| the count in a category relative to the total count over all categories |
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Term
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Definition
| for a categorical variable is a listing of all categories along with their frequencies |
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Term
| Relative frequency distribution- |
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Definition
| is a listing of all categories along with their relative frequencies (given as proportions or percentages) |
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Term
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Definition
| also called response variable used in summarizing two categorical variables |
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Term
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Definition
| useful for summarizing a single categorical variable if there are not too many categories |
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Term
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Definition
| useful for summarizing one or two categorical variables and are particularly useful for making comparisons when there are two categorical variables |
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Definition
| chart consisting of group of data points plotted on a simple scale. Dot plots are used for continuous, quantitative, unvaried data |
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Definition
| consists of the median, the quartiles, and the extremes |
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Definition
| the over all pattern of how often the possible values occur in a quantitative variable. |
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Definition
| the center of the distribution values |
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Definition
| the variability among individual measurements |
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Definition
| how the values are distributed |
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Definition
| data not consistent with the bulk of the data |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the average of all of the values |
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Definition
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Definition
| similar to bar graphs, not as informative for small samples, used for quantitative data. Shows how many values are in various intervals of the data |
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Definition
| created much like a histogram, except every individual data value is shown. Quick way to summarize or order data from lowest to highest |
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Definition
| simple way to show five number summaries, uses the extremes, quartiles and the median |
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Term
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Definition
| similar on both sides of the center |
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Term
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Definition
| values are more spread on one side of the center than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the higher values are more spread than the lower values |
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Term
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Definition
| the lower values are more spread than the higher values |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a single prominent peak in a histogram |
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Definition
| if there are two prominent peaks in a histogram |
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Definition
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Term
| Interquartile range (IQR)- |
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Definition
| upper quartile ? lower quartile. The notation IQR is often used to represent the interquartile range. |
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Term
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Definition
| The standard deviation gives an idea of how close the entire set of data is to the average value. Data sets with a small standard deviation have tightly grouped, precise data. Data sets with large standard deviations have data spread out over a wide range of values. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the median of the data values that are located below the median |
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Term
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Definition
| is the median of the data values that are located above the median |
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Term
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Definition
| the lower and upper values are called quartiles because along with the median and the extremes, they divide the ordered data into quarters |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical summary of the data that is resistant to the influence of outliers |
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Term
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Definition
| in general the kth percentile is a number that has k% of the data values at or below it and (100 ? k)% of the data values at or above it |
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Term
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Definition
| the outlier is a legitimate data value and represents natural variability for the group and variables measured. Values may not be discarded in this case. A mistake was made while taking a measurement or entering it into the computer. If this case be verified/ the values should be discarded or corrected. The individual in question belongs to a different group than the bulk of individuals measured. Values may be discarded if a summary is desired and reported for the majority group only. |
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Term
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Definition
| numerical values that follow this distribution of measurement is so common it is also called a normal distribution or normal curve |
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Term
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Definition
| the squared value of the standard deviation and is represented by s2 |
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Term
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Definition
| represented by the greek letter U or ?mu? |
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Term
| Population standard deviation- |
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Definition
| is represented by the greek letter o or ?sigma? |
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Term
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Definition
| for any bell shaped curve approximately 68% of the values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean in either direction, 95% of the values fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean in either direction, and 99.7% of the values fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean in either direction |
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Term
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Definition
| a useful measure of the relative value of any observation in a data set |
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Term
| z-score- see standardized score |
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Definition
| a measure that quantifies the distance a data point is from the mean of a data set. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outcome of a study. A variable you would be interested in predicting or forecasting. Often called a dependent variable or predicted variable. |
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